Period 4, c.1900 to Present

What factors led to anti-imperialist sentiments following WWI and WWII?

The idea that humankind was naturally divided into different peoples or nations, each of which deserved an independent state of its own, stemmed from the world wars and gained wide following and acceptance. Many people found their colonial empire illegitimate as a result. Additionally, previous ideas from the Enlightenment, such as European values of democracy and national self-determination contradicted the possession of colonies and the dictatorship of imperialism. This contributed to anti-imperialist sentiments and illegitimate global imperialism that led to. anti colonial movements everywhere.

What technological gains were experienced during WWII that allowed for a shift in the global balance of power?

Weaponry, such as artillery, submarines, aircraft, tanks, arms, and biochemical weapons, as well as nuclear weapons shifted the global balance of power from the central countries in Europe to the United States and the USSR.

Who emerged as global superpowers after WWI and WWII and why?

The US and the USSR were. This is because they had the military and political strength to influence worldwide events. The US was able to mobilize its military and develop its own economy enough to help other smaller nations in Europe and contain the communist world, or just isolate it from the rest of the world.

What factors caused the Cold War?

The geopolitical and ideological differences in the postwar world, conflict between the global superpowers (US and USSR), Berlin blockade, and the buildup of nuclear arms, as well as America's fear of communism and the split of Berlin and Germany between the West and the Soviet Union caused the Cold War.

What were some of the lasting effects of the Cold War?

The continued storage of nuclear weapons, Syrian Civil War, and the development of space-age technology were effects of the Cold War. The emergence of the US as a sole global power and Russia and China's challenging of America's dominance in world affairs were recent effects of the Cold War too.

Why is the Cold War considered an "ideological struggle"? What ideologies were at odds?

Communist nations and industrialized capitalist nations competed in both technological and political superiority. Both nationalistic tones appeared, creating differences leading to the brink of a war without combat. The ideologies of socialism and communism (USSR) clashed with the ideologies of liberal democracy and capitalism (US and other Western European powers).

Explain the non-alignment movement.

This movement was a large coalition of countries who did not want to align themselves with the US or the USSR. They wanted to remain independent and/or neutral.

Why was Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana a part of the non-alignment movement?

Kwame Nkrumah led his country to independence. He organized and led a social revolution that made the colony of the Gold Coast independent as Ghana. This dismantled European colonialism in Africa and spearheaded the movement of anti-colonialism in Africa as well as enabled Ghana to be a neutral country.

How did the US maintain influence over the course
of the Cold War?

The US gave money to the World Bank and the IMF to foster the creation of capitalist economies in underdeveloped countries and win allies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The US also had a self-imposed responsibility to help others, so they released the Marshall Plan which helped countries in Europe and helped resist Soviet expansion. The US used a variety of military, political, diplomatic, and economic measures to contain the world of communism and maintain its influence. The US used propaganda, gave military aid, set up programs to combat poverty, and sent volunteers to developing nations.

How did the USSR maintain influence over the course
of the Cold War?

The USSR established satellite states. Across eastern Europe, Stalin expanded the communist world and set up puppet governments in the new states. He could control those governments and he repressed anyone who resisted. The Iron Curtain and the Berlin Blockade also separated the USSR and its puppet governments from the US and its economic influence. He also maintained influence using the Warsaw Pact.

How were these methods similar?

They built up their nuclear arsenals, but then worked to limit them through treaties. Both established alliances for protection, and each supported opposing sides in global conflicts between communism and democracy.

How were they different?

The US indirectly helped other countries economically, which led to their own economic development. But the USSR's methods were more direct., with direct political control over the puppet governments and satellite states. The USSR implemented its own economic reforms, like Cominform, but to no avail.

What is NATO?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance with other democratic countries of the West. It contains 30 countries and its main goal is to safeguard the Allies' freedom by political and military means.

What is the Warsaw Pact?

A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. This was formed in response to NATO. These nations were mostly Central and Eastern European socialistic and people's democracy states. It brought a unified military command and the systematic ability of the Soviets to hold their control over other participating countries.

Explain the Korean War as a proxy war.

The Western Powers (US, United Kingdom, and the UN) supported the anti-communist South Korea, while the Soviet Union (through military aid) and the People's Republic of China supported North Korea. This eventually had no effect since the conflict ended as the two separate nations established a border where their fighting came to a standstill.

What caused China to adopt communism in 1949?

Mao declared the creation of the People's Republic of China, a communist country. Mao was appointed head of China's government and had almost complete control over China. He became popular with many Chinese people when he took land from wealthy citizens and gave it to peasants.

What were the consequences of this shift to communism?

China instituted industrialization programs that were modeled on Soviet experience, with large-scale heavy industries, urban-based factories, centralized state planning, and the mobilization of women. They also supported large-scale collectivization. of agriculture. Mao Zedong tried to support small-scale industrialization instead through the Great Leap Forward, but it ended in a massive famine. A Cultural Revolution was also brought forward that involved bringing health care and education reforms to the countryside.

How did Japanese aggression contribute to the spread
of communism in China?

The Japanese invasion destroyed Guomindang (party that governed Chinas since 1928, modern development, improved life in only urban areas) control over China and forced its retreat into the interior. It became more dependent on conservative landlords. The communist forces expanded and the communist party gained followers. The communist forces gained trust from the people affected by the Japanese invasion, and communism spread even further in China.

Describe the Great Leap Forward (goals and outcome).

The Great Leap Forward promoted small-scale industrialization in the rural areas rather than focusing on the large enterprises in the cities. It aimed to foster widespread and practical technological education for all people. It also wanted an immediate transition to full communism rather than waiting for industrial development that would provide the basis for that transition. But it led to administrative chaos and disruption of marketing networks. Bad weather combined with these factors produced a massive famine that killed more than 30 million people.

Describe China's Cultural Revolution (goals and outcome).

The goals of this were to combat the capitalist tendencies and overcome the inequalities associated with China's modern development to create a model of socialist modernity distinct from that of the Soviet Union. It led to easy access to health care and education for the countryside areas, as well as consolidated rural industrialization under local control rather than central control.

What caused many states to redistribute land in this
time period.

The tendency to advocate certain beliefs such as socialism and communism caused states to redistribute land and resources.

What were the effects of land redistribution?

This was a policy by which land was taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none. This was a popular practice among Communist nations who seek to gain the support of lower class citizens who had historically been denied property ownership. This occurred in China, Mexico, USSR, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and White Revolution Iran.

Explain the Communist Revolution in Vietnam.

The August Revolution of 1945 forms an important milestone in the modern history of Vietnam. It marked not only the beginning of the end of colonial rule and abdication by the monarchy but also the first and most important phase of the Vietnamese Independence and establishment of the Communist oriented democratic republic. After this, communist revolutionaries made use of supplies to unite Vietnam into the communist country it is today.

What role did land redistribution play in this revolution and independence movement?

They saw land redistribution as an integral part of the larger struggle; by encouraging peasants to seize landlords' fields and other property, the party apparently expected to weaken the government's rural class base and strengthen its own support among the poor.

Explain the White Revolution in Iran.

occurred in Iran in 1962, the Shah's attempt appease the Iranian citizens; called for economic and and political reforms: created land reform, profit sharing, and women's right to vote

What factors motivated independence movements/decolonization
after WWII?

Independence movements and decolonization after WWII were mainly motivated by many European countries lacking proper support from the government and higher officials in order to properly suppress revolutionary movements and other far-away revolts. Many colonies were fundamentally contradicting one another. There are many examples of this but some major ones include the US and Soviet Union were against the ideals of colonialism, The UN provided a platform for anti-colonial legislation and the second and third generation European-educated elites knew there was a gap between European ideals and actual practices, and lastly Christian and Enlightenment thought and material progress were at odds with colonial racism, exploitation, and poverty. Imperial colonies contradicted previous Enlightenment thinking, which led people to believe that the colonial empires were illegitimate and their national characters were heavily suppressed. After the world wars, the UN provided a platform for anti-colonial legislation. Colonial rulers responded to these pressures by integrating their colonies into a global network and maintaining them. Gradual political reforms were made, and leaders created these movements by organizing them and recruiting members. But these movements had people from different ethnic groups and classes that were weakly connected through the goal of independence.

Explain the role of nationalism in decolonization movements of the mid-20th century.

Independence movements were primarily driven by only a few key factors and one of them being nationalism. Typically revolutions and independence movements are directed toward nationalistic views toward a religion or belief. This led to decolonization movements in the mid-20th century.

Which colonies negotiated their independence after
WWII?

An example of a colony negotiating their independence after WWII was British India. Some other smaller colonies included Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Syria, and Myanmar.

Which colonies achieved independence through armed
struggle?

India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Syria, Myanmar

Explain the role of the Indian National Congress (INC) in decolonization.

The INC or otherwise known as the Indian National Congress was a political party with goals of gaining independence for India. The INC was founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in the government.

Explain the role of the Muslim League in advocating for autonomy in India. What were their goals?

The role of the Muslim League in advocating for autonomy in India was to protect the interests
of India's Muslims. The Muslim League was founded in 1906 and it was later moved to Pakistan when India and Pakistan divided.

What were some similar methods that colonies utilized to achieve independence in this time period?

The most significant threat to independence of the Muslims and Hindus living in the British India. Muslims were minor compared to the Hindus living in India so they were afraid that their ideals would be overridden by the Hindu population. This eventually led to an independence with its leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued that those parts of India with a Muslim majority should have a separate political status.

Explain the creation of Israel after WWII.

the events of World War II underscored the need fora safe haven for Jews so that they would never again be without a place to flee from anti-Semitismin the Diaspora.

Explain the creation of Pakistan after India gained independence in 1947.

India was separated in August 1947 as it gained its independence, splitting into Pakistan and India. The decision to create two separate countries was sparked by the end of British rule in India. It was decided that to limit violence and bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims, the country would be split into two completely separate countries.

What were some of the long term consequences of the Partition of India?

After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1947,
India was separated
into two countries Pakistan for Muslims and India
for Hindus; led to conflict
as well as population displacement and resettlement. Violence broke out between Muslims and Hindus. Trainloads of refugees were attacked and massacred. 12 million people abandoned their ancestral homes, half a million were dead. Kashmir was an especially hot area, whereMuslims and Hindus fought control over the regions.

What were some of the long term consequences of the creation of the state of Israel?

When Israel was admitted into the UN as an Independent State, war immediately broke out between neighboring Arab countries and Israel. Today, there are ongoing conflicts between Israel, Arab States, the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Movement), and Hamas (Palestinian Sunni-Islamic Militant Organization).

What economic changes resulted from the process of decolonization?

In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.

What economic continuities resulted from the process
of decolonization?

The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

Give an example of a government taking on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development in the 1900 to present time period.

One example is Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Sri Lanka. Her government further restricted free enterprise, nationalized industries, carried out land reforms, and promulgated a new constitution that created an executive presidency and made Ceylon into a republic named Sri Lanka. While reducing inequalities of wealth, Bandaranaike's socialist policies had once again caused economic stagnation, and her government's support of Buddhism and the Sinhalese language had helped alienate the country's large Tamil minority.

Describe Indira Gandhi 's economic policies in India. How do her policies involve a strong government role in promoting economic
development?

Gandhi presided over three Five-Year Plans as Prime Minister. The economic policy of the Indira Gandhi premiership was characterized by moderate tax increases on higher income Indians, bank nationalisation, andthe green revolution.

Describe Gamal Abdel Nasser's economic policies in Egypt. How did his policies involve a strong government role in promoting economic
development?

Gamal Abdel Nasser promoted economic development in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. He made strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies and anti-imperialistefforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom and launched large industrial projects.

What is an imperial metropole?

The homeland or central territory of a colonial empire that attracted a healthy portion of the people from the former colonies. "mother city"; many people from former colonies movedto these locations;maintained cultural and economic ties between thecolony even after thedissolution of empires; examples: South Asians toBritain, Algerians toFrance, Filipinos to the United States

Explain one example of migrations to imperial metropoles
in the 1900 - 1990 time period.

Many people from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh moved to England, and many people from Algeria, West Africa, and Vietnam moved to France. Filipinos to the United States.

Describe Chile under Augusto Pinochet.

Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people, and the torture of tens of thousands. Pinochet's military government implemented economic liberalization, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions, and privatized social security and hundreds of state-owned enterprises. The Chilean Military Dictatorship under General Augusto Pinochet erected a complex web of legal instruments that it used to repress anyone deemed to be "subversive." Pinochet was extremely tactical in his attempts to camouflage the human rights violations committed by the state.

Describe Spain under Francisco Franco.

His dictatorship's use of forced labor, concentration camps, and executionsled to between 30,000 and 50,000 deaths. Franco ruled with more power than any Spanish leader before or since, and developed a cult of personality around his rule. During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of growth known as the "Spanish miracle". At the same time, his regime transitioned from being totalitarian to authoritarian and became a leader in the anti-Communist movement, gaining support from the West, particularly the United States. Ideology of Francoist Spain The consistent pointsin Francoism includedauthoritarianism, nationalism, national Catholicism,militarism, conservatism,anti-communism, and anti-liberalism.

What role did Gandhi play in the Indian independence movement?

Independence in India was gained through negotiation and non-violence. While the Indian people were clearly over British rule by the middle of the 19th century when they rose up against them, the real process of decolonization came from the Indian National Congress that formed 30 years later. In the 1920s, the Indian National Congress was led by Mahatma Gandhi who advocated for Indian independence by means of mass civil disobedience and non-violence. Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocateof nonviolentresistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England,he returned toIndia and became leader of the Indian National Congressin 1920; opposedBritish rule in India and wanted a united India forboth Muslims and Hindus

How did Gandhi utilize nonviolence to bring about political change?

Gandhi did not want a social revolution, he wanted moral transformation of individuals. He raised the status of India's untouchables but launched no attack on the caste system overall. He opposed a modern industrial future for India, and wanted harmonious self-sufficient villages. Gandhi developedthe concept that India included Hindus AND Muslims, and utilized satyagraha (truth force) which was confrontation through nonviolence. As Gandhi's protests grew in strength, Britain could see that they no longer had what it took to keep India as a colony. After WWII, their troops were exhausted and their resources were worn thin. So, they conceded to negotiations which would make India independent. Gandhi used his non-violent technique on behalf of his fellow-countrymen in South Africa and India, but he did not conceive it only as a weapon in the armory of Indian nationalism.

What role did Nelson Mandela play in ending apartheid in South Africa?

Nelson Mandela launched nonviolent civil disobedience boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and burning of the passes that were similar to and inspiredby Gandhi 20-30 years earlier. South Africa had intense racial issues that had been expressed since 1948 in the official policy of Apartheid which separated blacks from whites in every way. Various forms of opposition arose, including the African NationalCongress (ANC), but they didn't accomplish any real political headway untilthe 1950s when a younger crowd, including Nelson Mandela, took over. Apartheid policies were finally abandoned when Nelson Mandela was released from prison, the ANC was legalized, there were national elections beginning in 1994 and the ANC was brought to power. Apartheid came to an end without a racial bloodbath

How did Nelson Mandela utilize nonviolence to bring about political
change?

Nelson Mandela launched nonviolent civil disobedience boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, and burning of the passes that were similar to and inspiredby Gandhi 20-30 years earlier. Mandela'sapproach to violence andnonviolence wasnot ideological, butpragmatic

How did Martin Luther King Jr. utilize nonviolence to bring about political change during the Civil Rights Movement?

Martin Luther King Jr. would be inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and use non-violent techniques to protest racial inequality in the United States. Ultimately, the black population from the US would see similar results from their non-violent protests in the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A notedorator, he opposeddiscrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolentresistance andpeaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinatedin Memphis,Tennessee in 1968

What is Al-Qaeda?

Al-Qaeda is a terrorist organization previously led
by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on various embassies and other important buildings for western powers. The Al-Qaeda typcially targed US embassies located in Tanzania, Kenya, and other countries. The Al-Queda also attacked the USS Cole in
Yemen in 2000, and the World, Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

Explain how Al-Qaeda used violence against civilizations to achieve
political aims.

Al-Qaeda is terrorist group located in the middle east and around Asia. The group used violence against civilizations to achieve political aims by subdividing its aims to cause destruction in Israel, a CenterPoint for Muslim interaction in the middle east.

Explain the factors that led to the end of the Cold War.

The Cold War was a 44 year old war between Soviet Union and the Capitalist World. The war ended because of the collapse of the soviet union on December 26, 1991.

What things weakened the Soviet Union?

There were many factors that led to the collapse of the soviet union, but some factors were more important than others. These included Gorbachev's reforms, the de Stalinization campaigns and economic inefficiency and ethnic tensions.

Explain the extent to which the effects of
the Cold War were similar in the Eastern
and Western Hemispheres.

Peoples and states all around the world challenged the existing political and social order in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts. The role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global association emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century. Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War II,
increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century