Chapter 14: Some compounds with oxygen, sulfur or a halogen

Phenol

________ is a compound that has an ¬OH group bonded directly to an aromatic, benzene- like ring, Ar¬OH.

Alkoxide ion

________ is the anion resulting from the removal of the H from an alcohol, RO-

Chirality

________ is having right- or left handedness with two different mirror image forms.

Ether

________ is a compound that has an oxygen atom bonded to two organic groups, R¬O¬R.

Aryl

________ halide A compound that has an aromatic group bonded to a halogen atom, Ar¬X.

Alcohol

________ is a compound that has an ¬OH group bonded to a saturated, carbon atom, R¬OH.

OH group

The ________ is lost from one carbon and an ¬H is lost from an adjacent carbon to yield an alkene product and water.

Isomers

________ that have the same formula and whose atoms have the same connections but different spatial arrangements are known as stereoisomers.

Stereochemistry

________ is the study of molecules that have the same overall connectivity of atoms but differ in how those atoms are arranged in three- dimensional space.

Achiral

________ is the opposite of chiral, having superimposable mirror images and thus no right- or left- handedness.

lowest index

The carbon bearing the ¬OH must be assigned the ________ number possible when numbering the chain.

Enantiomers

________ (optical isomers) is the two mirror- image forms of a chiral molecule.

Thiols

________ react with mild oxidizing agents, such as Br2 in water or even O2, to yield disulfides, RS¬SR.

Configurations

________: Stereoisomers that can not be converted into one another by rotation around a single bond.

carbon atom

A(n) ________ that is BOTH tetrahedral AND has four different groups attached is referred to as a chiral carbon atom, or a chiral center (or stereocenter)

organic oxidation

A(n) ________ is one that increases the number of C¬O bonds and or decreases the number of C¬H bonds.

organic reduction

A(n) ________ is one that decreases the number of C¬O bonds and or increases the number of C¬H bonds.

cyclic alcohol

In a(n) ________, begin with the carbon that bears the ¬OH group and proceed in a direction that gives the other substituents the lowest possible numbers.

Alkyl halide

________ is a compound that has an alkyl group bonded to a halogen atom, R¬X.

Alcohols

________ undergo loss of water (dehydration) upon treatment with a strong acid catalyst; the reaction is typically driven to completion by heating.

¬OH groups

When the two ________ are on adjacent carbons (commonly called vicinal diols), diols are often referred to by the common name glycols.

Thiols

________ (R¬SH), also called thioalcohols or mercaptans, are sulfur analogs of alcohols (an analog is a molecule that has a structure very similar to that of another one in all but one or two key aspects)

STEP 1

Name the parent compound

STEP 2

Number the carbon atoms in the main chain

STEP 3

Write the name, placing the number that locates the hydroxyl group immediately before the "ol" ending of the alcohol name

Configurations

Stereoisomers that cannot be converted into one another by rotation around a single bond

Chirality is having right

or left handedness with two different mirror image forms

Achiral is the opposite of chiral, having superimposable mirror images and thus no right

or left-handedness