Unit 3- The Progressive Era

First Wave Immigrants

Immigrants who arrived between 1840-1860, mainly from Ireland and Germany, and were mostly Catholic.

Push factors

Factors that compelled immigrants to leave their home countries, such as the Irish potato famine, religious persecution, and political instability.

Pull factors

Factors that attracted immigrants to the United States, such as job opportunities in Northeastern factories and the recruitment of Chinese laborers for railroad construction.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Legislation that prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the United States.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement between the United States and Japan that prohibited Japanese immigration to the United States.

Second Wave Immigrants

Immigrants who arrived between 1880-1920, mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe, with diverse languages and religions.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant feelings and sentiments.

Know-Nothings

Anti-immigrant group in the 1850s that mainly targeted Germans and Irish immigrants.

Urbanization

The process of the growth and development of cities.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities that developed naturally in cities and were made up of one dominant ethnic group.

New Middle Class

Educated workers, often referred to as "white collar," who lived in suburbs.

Progressivism

A political and social movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to address political corruption, social inequality, and improve the welfare of the people.

Muckrakers

Individuals who sought to reveal corruption in business or government to the public, such as Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens.

Trust Busting

Government actions seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies, starting with Theodore Roosevelt.

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine, leading to racial segregation in the Jim Crow South.

16th amendment

Established a federal income tax

17th amendment

Direct election of Senators

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

Women’s sufferage