Microbiology Exam 2- Wallace State Community College- Quick
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704 Terms
a virus is a tiny, infectious
particle
3 multiple choice options
viruses are known to infect
all organisms
3 multiple choice options
The capsid is composed of protein subunits called
capsomers
3 multiple choice options
the envelope of an animal virus is derived from the _________ of its host cell
membrane
3 multiple choice options
the nucleic acid of a virus is
either DNA or RNA
3 multiple choice options
the general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are the
adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release
3 multiple choice options
a prophage is a/an _______ stage in the cycle of ________
latent, bacterial viruses
3 multiple choice options
the nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the host cell through
fusion and endocytosis
3 multiple choice options
In general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell ____, and DNA viruses multiply in the cell ____.
cytoplasm, nucleus
3 multiple choice options
enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called
spikes
3 multiple choice options
Viruses that persist in the cell and cause recurrent disease are considered
latent
3 multiple choice options
Viruses cannot be cultivated in
blood agar
3 multiple choice options
Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called
plaques
3 multiple choice options
which of these is not a general pattern of virus morphology
complex, helical
3 multiple choice options
which of these is true of prions
they cause death of brain cells
3 multiple choice options
phages infect
bacterial cells
which of the following is a component of a virus
capsid
which is the earliest step in the replication cycle of hepatitis B virus
adsorption
An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a/an
growth factor
the source of the necessary elements of life is
an inorganic environmental reservoir
an organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a
photoautotroph
An obligate halophile requires high
salt
Chemoautotrophs can survive on ____ alone.
minerals and CO2
3 multiple choice options
which of the following substances are required by all organisms
inorganic nutrients
a pathogen would most accurately be described as a
parasite
1 multiple choice option
which of the following is true of passive transport
requires a gradient
a cell exposed to a hypertonic enviroment will __________ by osmosis
lose water
active transport of a substance across a membrane requires
the expenditure of ATP
psychrophiles would be expected to grow in
at refrigeraton temperatures
which of the following is not involved in quorum sensing
release of genetic material
Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack
dismutase
the time requirement for a cell to undergo binary fission is called the
generation time
in a viable plate count, each __________ respresents a _____________ from the same population
colony, cell
3 multiple choice options
The stage in population growth with the highest rate of cell division is the
exponential phase
3 multiple choice options
Cells of Vibrio Vulnificus are common near the coastline but are rare farther out to sea. Why?
cells at sea plasmolyze as water leaves the cell
3 multiple choice options
What most likely happened to a patient cured of his illness by phage therapy
nothing; the phage disappeared from his body when there were no longer any potential host cells
3 multiple choice options
most protists collect water that enters the cell via osmosis in membrane-bound organelles called water vacuoles. When a vacuole reaches a certain size, the protist moves the vacuole to the edge of the cell and uses active transport to expel the water out of the cell. If a protist moves from briny water to feshwater, what would happen to the water vacuoles?
they would form more rapidly
3 multiple choice options
what type of energy is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis
light
diffusion and osmosis are examples of
passive transport
_____ is another term for biosynthesis
anabolism
Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ____ molecules are converted into ____ molecules.
larger, smaller
3 multiple choice options
An enzyme ____ the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.
lowers
an enzyme
is heat and pH labile
catalysis occurs at the ______ site of an enzyme
active
Many coenzymes contain
vitamins
to digest celluose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an
exoenzyme
energy in biological systems is primarily
chemical
Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of
high energy ATP bonds
exergonic reactions
release potential energy
a reduced compound is
NADH
3 multiple choice options
Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetics involve the
removal of electrons
a product or products of glycolosis is/are
ATP and pyruvic acid
3 multiple choice options
fermentation of a glucose molecule has the potential to produce a net number of _________ ATPs
2
3 multiple choice options
The complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration by a eukaryote could possibly yield a net maximum output of __________ ATPs
38
3 multiple choice options
The compund that enters the Krebs cycle is
acetyl coenzyme A
The FADH2 formed during the Krebs cycle enters the electron transport system at which site
Complex II
The proton movement force is the result of
a proton gradient between the matrix and intermembrane space of a mitochondrion
Photosynthetic organsism convert the energy of ______ into chemical energy
photons
The Calvin cycle operates during which part of photosynthesis
the light-independent phase
The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from
H2O
Small intestinal bacterial overgowth (known as SIBO) is a condition similar to gut fermentation syndrome. SIBO occurs when an overbundance of bacter, rather than yeast, in the small intestine ferment carbohydrates. What would be produced in the gut of someone who is suffering from SIBO?
acid
Diagnosis of SIBO is sometimes accomplished by testing expelled breath gases for the products of bacterial fermentation (much like a Breathalyzer detects alcohol). What gas would be produced in excess in someone suffering from SIBO?
hydrogen
3 multiple choice options
photosynthesis converts _______ energy into chemical energy
light
enzymes facilitate chemical reactions by
lowering the activation energy of the reaction
what is the fundamental unit of heredity
gene
a nucleotide contains which of the following
5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate
3 multiple choice options
the nitrogenous bases in DNA are bonded to the
deoxyribose
DNA replication is considered semiconservative because the _________ strand will remain half of the __________ molecule
template, final DNA
3 multiple choice options
in DNA, adenine is the complementary base for ___________, and cytosine is the complement for ___________
thymine, guanine
3 multiple choice options
The base pairs are held together primarily by
hydrogen bonds
Why must the lagging strand of DNA be replicated in short pieces?
the DNA polymerase can synthesize in only one direction
3 multiple choice options
Messenger RNA is formed by _____ of a gene on the DNA template strand
transcription
Transfer RNA is the molecule that
adapts the genetic code to protein structure
3 multiple choice options
As a general rule, the first codon on a DNA template strand that signals the start for a protein is
TAC
3 multiple choice options
what components are involved in transcription
Sigma factor, RNA polymerase, and promotor
3 multiple choice options
the lac operon is usually in the ________ position and is activated by a/an __________ molecule
off, inducer
3 multiple choice options
for mutations to have an effect on population of microbes, they must be
inheritable, permanent
3 multiple choice options
which of the following characteristics is not true of a plasmid
it is required for a normal cell to function
3 multiple choice options
which of these features is found eukaryoyes but not bacteria
introns
3 multiple choice options
which of the following is present in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes
simultaneous transcription and translation
3 multiple choice options
Ribsome
site of protein synthesis
mRNA
carries the codon
tRNA
carries the anticodon
transcription
a process synonymous with mRNA synthesis
transduction
bacteriophages participate in this transfer
replication
duplication of DNA
Translation
proccess in which transcribed DNA code is deciphered into a polypeptide
involves plasmids
conjugation, transduction, transformation
The enzyme responsible for the movement of the vanA transpoon are
transposase, resolvase
3 multiple choice options
With regard to the vanA operon, vancomycin acts as a
inducer
Which base will pair with uracil in RNA?
Adenine
What cell structure is responsible for protein synthesis
ribsome
Which gene is incorporated into plasmids to detect recombinant cells?
a gene for antibitotic resistance
which of the follwing is not essential to carry out the polymerase chain reaction
gel electrophoresis
3 multiple choice options
which of the following is not a part of the Sanger method to sequence DNA
reverse transcription
3 multiple choice options
the function of ligase is to
rejoin segments of DNA
the pathogen of plant roots that is used as a cloning host is
Agrobacterium
which of the following sequences, when combined with its complement, would be clipped by a restriction endonuclease
GAATTC
3 multiple choice options
Which DNA fragment will be closest to the top (negative pole) of an electrophoretic gel?
5 kb
3 multiple choice options
which of the following is required for cloning a gene
restriction endonuclease, vector, cloning host