G11 EOY (SL & HL)

Anthropometrics

the study of peoples body (sizes)

Static data (structural data)

measurements taken of a stationary subject.

skeletal dimensions

length of bones, body part sizes

physical dimensions

weight, height, strength

soft tissue dimensions

muscle, fat, skin, ear size

dynamic data (functional data)

measurements taken of a moving subject

reach

the space that a subject can opeate in as they are stationary

clearance

the space that a subject needs to move through (the physical space between objects).

adjustability

the ability of a product to be adjusted to fit the user (not the same as range of sizes)

what are ergonomes and manikins used for

to model 3d humans performing certain tasks (to predict model usability of a product)

5th percentile

the smallest people

95th percentile

the largest people

50th percentile

the average

5th-95th percentile

90% of people exlcusing the 5th abd 95th percentile.

errors in collecting anthropometric data

1. clothing

2. time of day

3. human error

4. subject fault in dynamic data

5. unreliable tools

what is used to measure anthropometric data?

• tape measure

• head and skin-fold calliper

• scale

• stadiometer

• 3d body scan

• motion tracking

• brannock device

psychological ergonomics

focuses on human behaviours, abilities and limitations in environments.

usability

refers to the extent of which a product can be used

usability factors

• likeability

• learnability

• effectiveness

• usefulness

psychological factors of usability

• simplicity, ease of use

• low memory burden

• organizations

• visability

• affordance

• mapping

• feedback

environmental factor contributing to psychology (light)

provides ease of visability

environmental factor contributing to psychology (smell)

comfort

environmental factor contributing to psychology (taste)

important for children (and toxins)

environmental factor contributing to psychology (noise)

helps with feedback

environmental factor contributing to psychology (temp.)

affects productivity

environmental factor contributing to psychology (texture)

touch and grip

environmental factor contributing to psychology (color)

gives signals/instructions = impacts mood.

alertness

the caution a human takes in relation to their surroundings (reaction time)

perception

how someone interprets something, thus increasing situation awareness.

situation awareness

likeliness of predicting things = projection

methods of gathering psychological data

• interviews

• survey and questionnaires

• observations

• standardised testing

• case studies

nominal scale

labelling and naming categories without digits

ordinal

ranking non-numeric data

interval scale

numerical data but zero doesnt mean ‘none’

ratio scale

numerical data and zero means ‘none’

psychological factor data

studying the physical characteristics to enhance safety and comfort and reduce fatigue.

physical (possible) limitations of humans

movement, stamina, eye-sight, hearing, size, strength, tolerance.

comfort

a persons sense of psychological or physical ease

fatigue

a persons sense of psychological or physical tiredness.

biomechanics

studiyng the movement of a human by factors of:

• force

• durations

• repetition

• posture

biomechanical engineering

designing products to the comfort of the human

renewable energy resources

is made from natural resources such as wind, rain, sunlight, geothermal heat

renewable energy

resources that can be re-used

non renewable resources

can be crude oil, natural gas, oil, radioactive materials.

reserves

an amount of a resouces that is economically, technically and legally feasible to obtain

waste migitation strategies

help reduce or eliminate materials going staight to landfill

6 R’s of sustainability

1. reduce (dematerialisation)

2. reuse

3. recycle

4. repair/recondition

5. reengineer

6. refuse/rethink

limitations of recycling materials

• energy use

• cost

• impacts arising from the use of recovered materials.

life cycle assessment (LCA)

is a strategy to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life.

stages of a products lfie

• pre-production

• production

• distribution

• utilisation

• disposal

triple bottom line production factos

econnomical, ecological & social

triple bottom line production

reduces waste at disposal and raw-materials at production

recycling

using materials from an obsolete product to create other products

raw material recovery

is the process of seperating components of a product to separately ‘recover’ them.

the waste electrical and electronic equiptment (WEEE) Directive

aims to reduce environmental impacts of electrical & electronic waste

waste to energy (WtE) or energy from waste (EfW)

is the process of generating electricity or heat from the treatment of waste, serving as a form of energy recovery

circular economy

is a model that allows resources to be used for as long as possible

linear economy

cradle to grave

embodied energy

the sum of all energy used to produce a good or service (considering the whole life-cycle)

electrical grids

are used to show the interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers

combined heat and power (CHP)

is an efficent method of producing electricity and heat from a single fuel source

individual energy generation

is the ability of an individual to use devices to generate small amounts of energy to run low-energy products

an electric battery

is a device made of electromechanical cells that converts chemical energy into electrical energy

drivers for clean manufacturing

prodcuts, services or processes that reduce waste and require the minimum amounts of non-renewable resources

end of pipe approach

involves adding clean up technologies at the end of the manufacturing process, to reduce emissions and waste

carbon capture

is the process of collecting, transporting and storing CO2 emissions (usually underground), to prevent it from entering the atmosphere

incremental solutions

deal with waste of gradually improving technologies

radical solutions

is a new and untried approach

system level solutions

are implemented to deal with the whole system, not individual components

green design

takes into acocunt all of the environmental impacts of a product, throughout its life cycle

green legislation

leads to laws and possible financial penalties for companies who do not practice environmental responsibilities

design objectives for green design

materials, energy, pollution

‘design for…’ objectives

• dematerialisation

• low-impact materials

• clean production

• disassembly

• longevity

prevention principle

aims to reduce waste and adress safety risks throughout a products life cycle

precautionary principle

anticipates problems in relation to the environmental impact of a product

eco design

is more comprehensive as it focuses on all factors; materials, energy and pollution

cradle to grave

is a design philosophy considering all the environmental effects of a product from manufacture to disposal

cradle to cradle

is a design philosophy aiming to reduce waste from a products life cycle. the products are made to be made again

converging technologies

are the merge of nano-, bio-, info-, and communication technologies and cognitive science

Design Classic

An industrially manufactured object with timeless appeal.

Image

the general impression that a person, organisation or product presents to the public (of itself): referring to how classic design is recongized or provokes emotional reaction.

‘Iconic’

Classic design is often recognized actoss cultures as they hold an _ status

obsolecensce

a product that is no longer used or produced, often due to trend changes.

• classic design defies this as it goes beyond its intended purpose.

Mass production

helps and object gain classic design status because it is easily available and gains omni-presence.

Omni- Presence (ubiquitos)

it appears everywhere and has constant presence despite rapidly changing contexts

dominant design

a product that posseses particular features that ‘seem’ to be essential.

‘form follows function’….

is a principle of modern architecture and industrial design, saying that; the shape of a building or object should primarily relate to it’s intended function or purpose.

retro styling

uses form and decoration of classic designs to build on the classic image but still show innovation.

no function, pure form (conflict and compromise)

= not useful

no forn, pure function (conflict and compromise)

= lacks cutomer appeal

practical function

the logical approach to an objects design (usability & reliability)

psychological function

is the emotional response to the objects design

psychological function x practical function

intuitive design

Physical properties

tend to be characteristics of materials that can be identifies as non-destructive

mass (kg)

is the amount of matter that a body has

weight (newtons)

is the gravitational force applied on a body and is non constant

volume

the area of a 3d shape

density

the mass per unit volume of a material

electrical resistivity

measures a materials ability to conduct electricity

thermal conductivity

measures how much something expands under heat