D and F block elements(JEE), Thermodynamics(JEE) - chemistry, Chemical bonding(JEE), The Periodic table(JEE), Atomic structure(JEE), Coordination Compounds(JEE)

D and F elements belong to ___ group

3-12

outer electronic configuration of D block

(n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻²

outer electronic configuration of D block is (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻². what is the exception for this rule?

Pd (4d¹⁰ 5S⁰)

D block has more than one typical metallic structure, what is/are the exception to this?

Zn, Cd, Hg, Mn

why do D block elements have more melting point?

there is more involvement of (n-1)d electrons(covalent bonding) in addition to interatomic metallic bonding

in a graph of MP(melting point) plotted against Z(Atomic number), the curve peaks at dˣ configuration, where x=___

5

metal metal bonds are more uncommon in 5d and 4d series compared to 3d series. true or false?

false(more common in 5d and 4d)

for ions of the same charge, radius _______(increases/decreases) with increasing at. no. Why?

decreases, due to increasing nuclear charge

Zr and Hf have similar atomic radius. this is a consequence of ____

lanthanide effect

density significantly _____ from Ti to Cu

increases

ns electrons are lost before (n-1)d electrons. True or false?

true

True or false: differentiating electron enters ns orbital first

false, differentiating electron enters the (n-1)d orbital

factors affecting IE

attraction to nucleus, inter electron repulsion, exchange energy

name the transition metal exhibiting +1 oxidation state

Cu

name the transition metal exhibiting highest oxidation state

Mn(+7)

what are the oxidation states shown by Fe

2, 3, 4, 6

oxidation states exhibited by Scandium

+3

elements showing the largest number of oxidation states have dˣ configuration, where x=_

5

usually lower oxidation states are favored by heaver members of the p block. Is this trend continued in the d block?

no

true or false: Mo(VI) and W(VI) are less stable than Cr(VI)

false(higher oxidation states of d block are more stable in heavier elements)

MoO3(hehe moo) and WO3 are stronger oxidizing agents than CrO3. true or false?

False(since Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI)

higher oxidation states form

fluorides and oxides

why do higher oxidation states form halides?

due to high lattice energy as in the case of CoF3 or high bond enthalpy as in the case of VF5 and CrF6

highest oxidation state of Mn is found in

MnO3F

fluorides are more stable at low oxidation state. true or false?

false

oxygen stabilizes higher oxidation states better than fluorine. true or false?

true

highest Mn fluoride is?

MnF4

highest Mn oxide is?

Mn2O7

magnetic moment is calculated using the formula

√(n(n+2)) BM

catalytic activity of d block is due to?

multiple oxidation states, ability to form complexes

state 4 properties of interstitial compounds

high melting point, hard, retain metallic conductivity, chemically inert

_____ interstitial compounds approach diamond in hardness

boride

alloys are formed when atomic radii are within ___ % of each other

15

lanthanoids have ___ stable oxidation states

1

actinoids have one stable oxidation state. true or false?

false

characteristics of lanthanoids(3)

tarnish rapidly in air, silvery white metals, soft

hardness _____ with increase in atomic number for lanthanoids

increases

the hardest lanthanoid is

Samarium

lanthanoids are coloured in aqueous solutions. the exceptions are:

La, Ce

stability of half filled configuration is found in ____ in lanthanoids

Gadolinium

earlier members of the lanthanoid series are similar to ___, higher members are similar to ___

Ca, Al

mischmetal contains ___% lanthanoid

95

TiO is used in manufacture of ___

pigments

MnO2 is used in the manufacture of ____

dry cell batteries

formula for Ziegler catalyst

TiCl₄

Wacker's process uses the catalyst ___

PdCl2

a compound has empty d orbitals yet is coloured, give a reason for this

due to charge transfer

MnO₄¯ has no d electrons, yet is coloured, why?

due to charge transfer phenomenon

how many of the following are interstitial compounds?
TiC, Mn₄N, Fe₃H

3

___ and ___ do not form amalgams

Fe and Pt

Nichrome consists of

Ni, Fe, Cr

german silver consists of

Cu, Ni, Zn

Gun metal consists of

Cu, Sn, Zn

Devarda's alloy consists of

Cu, Al, Zn

Duralumin consists of

Cu, Al, Mn, Mg

how is potassium dichromate prepared

fusion of chromite ore with sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate in excess air to form chromate, which is made to react with conc. H2SO4 to form dichromate

chromite ore

FeO.Cr2O3

colour of dichromate solution

orange red

when alkali is added to dichromate solution, what is the colour change? what happens when it is acidified

orange red to yellow, back to orange red when acidified

how is potassium permanganate prepared

fusion of MnO2 with alkali metal hydroxide and oxidizing agent like KNO3

common oxidation states of actinides

+3 and +4

what is the difference between a closed system and an isolated system

for a closed system there is no mass exchange, for an isolated system there is neither mass exchange nor energy exchange

intensive property

mass / size independent

extensive property

mass/size dependent

state function

path independent

path function

path dependent

internal energy depends on ___

temperature

formula for internal energy

ΔU=Q+W

sign convention for work done

work done by the system is negative, work done on the system is positive

heat released by the system is ___(positive or negative)

negative

graph of P vs V for isothermal processes

if volume increases, temperature __

increases

constant external pressure applied implies that the process is ____(reversible/irreversible)

irreversible

heat capacity

Q/t(amount of heat absorbed by system to increase its temperature by 1⁰C

specific heat capacity

Cₛ=Q/mΔt

molar heat capacity

Cₘ=Q/nΔt

Mayer's relation

Cp - Cv = R

for isothermal processes, heat capacity =

infinity

for adiabatic processes, heat capacity=

0

condition for adiabatic process

PVˠ = constant

formula for ɣ in terms of degree of freedom

1+2/f

formula for ɣ in terms of Cp and Cv

Cp/Cv

formula for Cv in terms of degree of freedom and R

ᶠᴿ/₂

how would you identify isothermal and adiabatic process for P vs V graph?

adiabatic process has more slope

for an isothermal reversible process, work done=

-nRTln(V₂/V₁) = -nRTln(P₁/P₂)

for an isothermal irreversible process, work done =?

-Pₑₓₜ(ΔV) = -Pₑₓₜ( nRT/P₂ - nRT/P₁)

ΔH for isothermal process

0(ΔH=Qp = mCpΔT)

for adiabatic process, work done is

nRT/ɣ-1

for irreversible adiabatic process, work done is

-Pₑₓₜ(ΔV) = -Pₑₓₜ( nRT/P₂ - nRT/P₁)

in a cyclic process, clockwise curve represents ____(positive/negative) work done

positive

condition for polytropic processes

PVˣ

work done in a polytropic process

nRT/x-1

for a polytropic process, if x=infinity, the type of process is

isochoric

for a polytropic process, if x=1, the type of process is

isothermal

for a polytropic process, if x=0, the type of process is

isobaric

for a polytropic process, if x=ɣ, the type of process is

adiabatic

for a monoatomic gas, ratio of P to V is 1. what is the value of Cm?

P/V=1 => PV⁻¹ = constant =>x=-1,
Mayer's relation: Cm = Cvₘ + R/(1-x)
= 2R

what is the modified Mayer's relation for polytropic processes

Cm = Cvₘ + R/1-x

what is the value of universal gas constant

25/3 J/mol K or 2 cal/mol K

relation between ΔH and ΔU

ΔH=ΔU+ΔngRT