A&P 1 Lecture Exam 1

anatomy

the science of body structures and relationships

physiology

the science of body functions

organ systems

organism is composed of ___

organs

organ systems are composed of ___

tissues

organs are composed of ___

cells

tissues are composed of ___

organelles

cells are composed of ___

molecules

organelles are composed of ___

atoms

molecules are composed of ___

cells

what are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

tissues

what are groups of cells and materials surrounding them called

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

what are the four types of tissues

organs

what are structures that are composed of two or nore different types of tissues called

system

a ___ consists of related organs with a common function

anatomical positions

a reference position for the body

directional terms

describe locations on or within the body relative to one another

planes and sections

help to describe internal locations within the body or within an organ along defined cuts

body cavities

internal spaces within the body where many organs are found, and where much of physiology happens

epicondyle

a rounded bump on a bone located just above a joint surface (think elbow and knee)

proximal

closer to trunk of an appendage

distal

farther from the trunk of an appendage

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

saggital plane

divides the body into left and right

midsagittal and parasagittal

types of sagittal planes

midsagittal

saggital plane down the middle

parasagittal

sagittal plane that is uneven

frontal / coronal plane

divides the body into front and back / dorsal and ventral

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle at any point

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

two parts of the abdominopelvic cavity

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity

the four major internal body spaces

organs

viscera = ___

serous membranes

double-walled tissues membranes that surround many internal organs and line the body cavities in which the organs are located

pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

major examples of serous membranes

lungs

the pleura serous membrane surrounds the ___

heart

the pericardium serous membrane surrounds the ___

intestines

the peritoneum serous membrane surrounds the ___

histology

the scientific field that studies tissues

exposed

epithelial tissues are always ___

connective tissue

most common type of tissue

connective

the type of tissue that binds everything together

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

three types of muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

cover external and internal surfaces of the body; also form secretory glands

connective tissues

protect and support other tissues and various organs

muscle tissues

create the forces that allow movement and also generate body heat

nervous tissues

collect and analyze information about the body, and signal muscles and glands to take appropriate actions

epithelial

what tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body

regulate movement of materials in and out of the body, secretory surfaces, and protection

three major functions of epithelial tissue

stratified

multiple layers of tissue

simple

one layer of tissue

avascular

no space within epithelial tissue means it is ___

connective

always find ___ tissue under epithelial

basement membrane

epithelial tissue is held together by the ___

apical surface

this part of epithelial tissue faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct

lateral surface

this part of epithelial tissue faces adjacent cells

basal surface

opposite of apical layer which adheres to extracellular materials

basement membrane

layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

pseudostratified

one layer of epithelial tissue that looks like multiple

secretion and absorption

what is the purpose of 1 layer epithelial cells

protections

what is the purpose of multiple epithelial cells

glands or ducts

simple cuboidal epithelium is found near ___

circles or tubes

simple cuboidal epithelium cells are always in the shape of ___

intestines

simple columnar epithelium cells are found in the ___

microvilli

what are the short hair-looking things on the end of the simple columnar epithelium cells?

last step of digestion and allow for more surface area

what are the two main purposes of microvilli?

cillia

what are the long hair-looking things on the end of pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells called?

cillia can move, microvilla cannot

what is the main difference between cillia and microvilli?

surface

stratified epithelial is named for the shapes of its ___ cells

keratinized and nonkeratinized

what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelia?

keratinized

found on skin surface, abrasion resistant, surface lacks nuclei

nonkeratinized

lacks surface layer of dead cells, surface layer contains nuclei

thick has five layers, while thin only has four

what is the difference between thick and thin skin?

stratum lucidum

what layer does thin skin lack

straum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

what are the layers of thick skin, from inner most and working outward?

straum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum

what are the layers of thin skin, from inner most and working outward?

stratum granulosum

which layer of epidermis is waterproof?

where we store urine

where is transitional epithelium found

transitional epithelium

multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched

endocrine glands and exocrine glands

what are the two main types of glands?

endocrine glands

which type of glands secrete hormones?

exocrine glands

which type of gland secretes material into ducts, or directly onto an apical surface?

stratified cuboidal

what shape are the cells of sweat glands

two or more

how many layers are sweat glands

secretes sweat, sperm production, and produces ovarian hormones

what are the three main purposes of stratified cuboidal / sweat glands ?

everywhere

where is connective tissue found

fats, tendons, ligaments, bones, and blood

examples of connective tissue

cells are not in direct contact with one another and it contains prominent extracellular matrix

what are the two distinctive characteristics of connective tissue

extracellular matrix

what is the material located between the cells called?

distinct layers

there are no ___ in nonkeratinized stratified squamis

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

what are the three kinds of fibers

collagen fibers

what are the most abundant protein in the body

elastic fibers

what type of fiber stretches

reticular fibers

what type of fibers make up the framework and are used for stability?

fibroblasts

protein fibers are made by ___

in the cell

protein fibers can only be made ___

fibroblasts

secrete fibers and components of ground substances

adipocytes

store triglycerides