Unit 1 Test Review A&P Honors

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail, largest organ of the human body; separate internal from external environment

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints; bone marrow makes blood cells

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

saggital/median plane

divides the body into left and right halves

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

superior

toward the head

inferior

away from the head

anterior (ventral)

front of the body

posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral

Away from the midline of the body towards sides

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

apical

tip

basal

bottom

contralateral

opposite side

ipsilateral

same side

peripheral

on the edge, not important

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

frontal region

forehead

orbital region

eyes

nasal

nose region

mental region

Cephalic

Head

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Acromial

Shoulder

Sternal

Middle thorax

Pectoral (thoracic)

Chest

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Anterior elbow

Umbilical

Navel, bellybutton

Abdominal

Abdomen

Inguinal

Groin

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Coxal

Hip

Palmar

Palm

Digital

Finger or toe

Genital (pubic)

Reproductive

Patellar

Knee

Crural

shin region

Tarsal

Ankle

Pedal

Foot

Cervical

Neck

Calcaneal

heel of foot (posterior)

Cephalic

head

Deltoid

curve of shoulder formed by deltoid muscle

Femoral

thigh

Gluteal

buttock

Lumbar

area of back between ribs and hips

Occipital

posterior surface of head

Olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

Popliteal

posterior knee area

Sacral

area between hips

Scapular

shoulder blade region

Sural

posterior of lower leg; calf

Vertebral

area of spine

Plantar

sole of the foot

organic molecule

Carbon containing compounds that make up living things; four classes of organic molecules are CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

carbohydrate

Organic molecule that functions in short term energy storage

glucose

Monosaccharide, short term energy storage; blood sugar; C6H12O6

glycogen

Complex Carbohydrate; energy storage in animals; polysaccharide

starch

Complex Carbohydrate; energy storage in plant cells; polysaccharide

cellulose

Complex Carbohydrate; structural support in plants

lipid

Organic molecule that functions in long term energy storage and insulation

fatty acid

subunit of a lipid; long hydrocarbon chain

steroid

lipid molecule made from cholesterol containing 4 fused carbon rings; testosterone and estrogen are example; or can be used for "mad' gains in gym

protein

organic molecule built up of amino acids

amino acid

monomer of protein

enzyme

protein molecule that controls chemical reactions and cell processes

polypeptide

Chains of amino acids that make up proteins

monosaccharide

single sugar such as glucose

polysaccharide

many sugars such as starch, cellulose, or glycogen

monomer

mono = one ... a single subunit of an organic molecule. Also called the building block. Think individual lego

polymer

poly = many ... a macromolecule. This is what is created when lots of monomers come together. Think lego castle

fat (triglyceride)

A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Organic Elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.