Species Notes

breed

A genetically based definition: A group of domesticated animals phenotypically similar enough to be grouped together as distinct from others in the same species. When interbred, these reproduce the parental type

standardized breed

A genetic breed that has an organization of breeders and is breeding animals to conform to a standard. Genetic isolation by design

gentrification

standardization by removing the population from its original region and selecting it for uniformity outside its original environment for a purpose other than the original purpose

industrial stock

A subset of a genetic breed selected for outstanding performance in a narrow range of environments, primarily seen in poultry, swine, and dairy cattle

feral

A domesticated animal that returns to a free-living state where it is subjected to natural selection. These animals can never return to the status of ‘wild animal’

narrows

Each step of the pattern of development of breeds ___________ genetic variability:

1. 1. Domestication

2. 2. Landrace/Primitive Breed

3. 3. Standardized Breed (±gentrification)

4. 4. Industrial stock

dog

Term for a male dog

bitch

Term for a female dog

neutered (castrated) male

Term for a castrated dog

pup

Term for a young dog

ram

Term for a male sheep

ewe

Term for a female sheep

wether

Term for a castrated sheep

lamb

Term for a young sheep

buck/billy

Term for a male goat

doe/nanny

Term for a female goat

wether

Term for a castrated goat

kid (doeling/buckling)

Term for a young goat

bull

Term for male bovine

cow, heifer

Term for female bovine

steer, ox (trained and over 4yrs old)

Term for castrated bovine

calf

Term for young bovine

stallion

Term for male horse

mare

Term for female horse

gelding

Term for castrated horse

foal, colt, filly

Term for young horse

jack

Term for male donkey

jenny

Term for female donkey

gelding

Term for castrated donkey

foal, colt, filly

Term for young donkey

molly mule

Term for female mule

john mule, horse mule

Term for castrated mule

bull

Term for male camel

cow

Term for female camel

gelding

Term for castrated camel

calf

Term for young camel

gelding

Term for castrated llama/alpaca

cria

Term for young llama/alpaca

tom

Term for male cat

queen

Term for female cat

kitten

Term for young cat

buck

Term for male rabbit

doe

Term for female rabbit

bunny

Term for young rabbit

rooster, cock, cockerel (young)

Term for male fowl

hen, chicken, pullet (young)

Term for female fowl

capon

Term for castrated fowl

chick, peep

Term for young fowl

tom, stag

Term for male turkey

hen

Term for female turkey

poult

Term for young turkey

drake

Term for male duck

duck, hen

Term for female duck

duckling

Term for young duck

gander

Term for male goose

goose

Term for female goose

gosling

Term for young goose

keet

Term for young guinea

founder

Domestic animals founded from very few __________ females (3-5 in most species)

do not

Domestic animals __________ (do/do not) fit into the wild animal system very well

domestication

“Animals around the house” who were tamed, formed a partnership with people, and experienced a genetic change, often due to reproductive control by humans

preadaptation

Characteristics of animals that lead to our selection of certain species to domesticate including:

1. 1. Diet - herbivorous or omnivorous

2. 2. Growth Rate - faster

3. 3. Ability to Reproduce in Captivity - polygamy, no elaborate courtship

4. 4. Disposition - not aggressive

5. 5. Limited tendency to panic

6. 6. Social structure - herds with dominance, nonterritorial

decreased

During early domestication, mammals ____________ in size

increased, decreased

During early domestication, birds ___________ in size and ___________ in flight distance

neotenic

During the process of domestication, ___________ characteristics were retained as they were regarded as ‘cute’ for pets

decreased

During the process of domestication, the cranial capacity of animals and humans ____________

increased

During the process of domestication, genetic variability and rate ____________

transport

Animals like donkeys, horses, bactrian camels, etc. retained many wild adaptations during the process of domestication and are used as ______________ animals, in part because of their low reproduction rates

dog

What was the first species domesticated?

lab animals

What was the most recent species domesticated?

increases

Each step of the pattern of development of breeds ___________ predictability:

1. 1. Domestication

2. 2. Landrace/Primitive Breed

3. 3. Standardized Breed (±gentrification)

4. 4. Industrial stock

2X

The genetic variability of adapted breeds (hybrids) is about _____ that of selected production breeds

false (some key breeds have greater variability than others)

True or False: The genetic variation within a breed is relatively limited for all breeds

fitness, adaptability

_________ and __________ can be as high as 90% in some breeds because of their genetic variation, especially in dogs and horses

between

50% of variation in a domestic species is __________ (within, between) breeds

cattle, horses

Domestication saved what two species from extinction?

7

Obvious morphological differences among breeds of dogs are caused at only ____ loci

predatory

The following traits exhibit ___________ sequence:

1. Orient

2. Eye

3. Stalk

4. Chase

5. Bite/Grab

6. Crush/Kill/Bite

7. Dissect

8. Consume

wolves

For innate problem solving/reasoning, are dogs or wolves smarter?

does not

Domestication _________ (does/does not) favor the gifted

sight hounds

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, lean dogs with binocular vision (big eyes on the front of their head)

2. Like to silently chase

3. Are very intelligent but can be sensitive to pain

4. Have variable color, rarely liver

scent hounds

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Have smooth coats and lop ears

2. Bay while chasing

3. Have variable color, rarely liver

pointers

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, lean dogs

2. Can have short or long hair

3. Work back and forth for birds, then freeze when they find one

4. Have variable color, commonly liver

retrievers

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, heavy-set dogs with moderate lop ears and straight tails

2. Come in black, yellow, or liver colors

spaniels

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Combine characteristics of pointing and retrieving breeds

2. Are medium sized with long hair and lop ears

3. Usually have docked tails

4. Come in all colors, commonly liver

terrier

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are tough, aggressive dogs bred to control vermin like rats and foxes

2. Come in wirehaired or smooth coats

3. Come in a variety of colors

4. Usually have docked tails

fighters

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, short haired dogs with small ears

2. Are selected for aggression

herding

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Use controlled predation behavior to move livestock

livestock guardians

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, heavy, long-haired dogs with small lop ears

2. Are usually, but not always, white

3. Are non-predatory dogs bred to protect livestock without human monitoring

mastiffs

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are large, short-haired breeds

2. Are used for a variety of purposes including guarding, fighting, companions, draft, etc.

3. Come in a variety of colors

spitz

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Have stiff hair, curled tails, and erect ears

2. Are generalists with moderate specialization

giants

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are used for draft or rescue

2. Are huge, loose-skinned dogs

pets

Classification of dog breeds that:

1. Are selected for companionability

2. Come from a variety of breed backgrounds

sheep

domesticated for meat, milk, packing, then fiber selected for its ratio of secondary (fine) follicles to primary (coarse) follicles

thicker

Major changes seen in sheep following domestication include:

1. Horn shape, size, and presence (polled or not)

2. Tail length

3. Shorter, __________ leg bones

4. Color

5. Fat deposits

goats

What was the first ruminant to be domesticated?

cattle

Species that serves as a primary protein source in many countries worldwide, but is also seen as a religious symbol in some places. They are used for: milk, meat, leather, draft, horns, manure (fertilizer, fuel), symbol of wealth, bride price, sacrificial ceremonies

rut

During _______ male deer shed their velvet and become aggressive and dangerous

swine

Useful scavengers which are a critical food source in marginal regions and are incredibly adaptive to living feral

leanness

Changes in swine during domestication include:

1. Concave face

2. Curly tail

3. Large lop ears

4. Fat thickness (first selected for more fat, now selected for __________)