Pathophysiology Review Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering introductory Pathophysiology, cellular adaptations, neoplasms, genetic disorders, and complications of immobility.

How is Homeostasis defined?

The body maintains a normal / stable internal environment.

What is the definition of Health in the context of these notes?

Overall well-being environment.

What occurs when the body's normal state is disrupted?

Disease.

What is the term for the cause factors of a disease?

Etiology.

What is the term for a disease with an unknown cause?

Idiopathic.

What is Tatrogenic?

An error in $+x$ or procedure causing disease.

What are examples of predisposing factors?

Age, gentic, environment.

What is the definition of Prophylaxis?

Prevention, prevent spread of a disease.

What are specific examples of Prevention mentioned?

Vaccines, diet, life style changes, prevention of harmful activities.

What does Pathogensis refer to?

The development of the disease.

How is an Acute condition described?

Short term, develops Quickly.

How is a Chronic condition described?

Develops gradually, milder Symptoms.

What is a Subclinical state?

Changes you can't see.

What characterized the latent state?

Incubation period, no symptoms or Clinical Signs.

What is the Prodromal Period?

The early development of a disease where Signs are nonspecific or absent.

What are manifestations in a clinical context?

Clinical evidence w/ signs and Symptoms, usually illness and fever.

What are the indicators of a Systemic condition?

Indicators like fever, illness.

Where are Local manifestations found?

At the site of the problem.

What is Atrophy?

A decrease in cell size.

What is Hypertrophy?

An increase in cell size.

What is Hyperplasia?

An increase in cell number.

How is metaplasia defined?

Mature cell type.

What is Dysplasia?

Cells vary within size and shape.

What refers to undifferentiated cells?

Anaplasia.

What is Neoplasia?

New Growth.

What is the term for programmed cell death?

Apoptosis.

What is ischemia?

A deficit of oxygen in a cell.

What is Hypoxia?

Reduced oxygen in tissue.

Where do Exogenous factors originate?

From the environment.

Where do Endogenous factors originate?

From inside the body.

What are Necrosis?

Dying cells.

What is an infarction?

An area of dead cells caused by deprived oxygen.

What is Differentiation?

When each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions.

What are the requirements and characteristics of mitosis?

Part of Cycle cell cycle, requires genetic control $DNA$ and $RNA$ (Splitting of a cell).

What is a Mutation?

$DNA$ in a parent cell is altered and passed to offspring.

What is another name for a Neoplasm?

Tumor.

How are Benign tumors characterized?

Non cancerous.

How are Malignant tumors characterized?

Cancerous.

What are Effusions?

Fluid build up in cells.

What is Carcinogenesis?

Normal cells that turned into cancer cells.

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

$23$ pairs in total, with $22$ pairs being autosomes.

What is given as an example of a Karyotype?

Blue eyes, red hair what it looks like.

What is a genotype?

Genetic info carried by an individual.

What is a phenotype?

The appearance / characteristics of an individual.

When do Congenital disorders present themselves?

At birth.

What is the genetic cause of Down Syndrome?

Trisomy $21$.

What are the characteristics of Turner Syndrome?

Affects women, infertility.

What is Kliner felter Syndrome?

A condition where an extra $X$ chromosome is present.

What is the Cutaneous complication of immobility?

Skin break down.

How is the Cardiovascular system affected by immobility?

Reduced cardic output.

What happens to venous retum during immobility?

Venous retum is increased.

What is Stasis in the context of immobility?

Meaning blood not moving; blood flee pools in legs.

What is the relationship between stress and edema mentioned in the notes?

Stress edema.