Protein Synthesis and Genetics Vocabulary

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Flashcards for Protein Synthesis and Genetics

Biology

Cells

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26 Terms

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Protein Synthesis

The process of reading the instructions in DNA to make a polypeptide.

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Primary Structure (of a protein)

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

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Secondary Structure (of a protein)

Alpha helix or beta sheet formations within a polypeptide.

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Tertiary Structure (of a protein)

The overall 3D structure of a polypeptide chain, bent and folded.

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Quaternary Structure (of a protein)

The structure resulting from two or more polypeptide chains bound together.

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Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids that can bind to others and fold into a protein.

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Central Dogma of Genetics

DNA -> RNA -> protein (via transcription and translation).

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Transcription

The process of copying DNA instructions into RNA.

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Translation

The process of reading the instructions in mRNA to create a protein.

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mRNA (messenger RNA)

Copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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tRNA (transfer RNA)

Binds and carries specific amino acids to the ribosome.

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rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Along with proteins, it makes up the ribosome and helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.

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RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that binds to DNA and unzips the gene to be copied during transcription.

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TATA box

A DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded.

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Introns

Non-coding regions of mRNA that are removed during RNA splicing.

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Exons

Coding regions of mRNA that are spliced together after intron removal.

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5' cap (G cap)

A modified guanine added to the 5' end of mRNA to facilitate ribosome binding.

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Poly A tail

A sequence of 50-520 adenine bases added to the 3' end of mRNA to help it leave the nucleus.

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Codon

A set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

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Anticodon

A “complementary” set of 3 nucleotides on tRNA that binds to a codon on mRNA.

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Genetic Code

The code of instructions for how to make proteins based on mRNA sequences.

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Transcription factors

Regulatory proteins that control gene activity.

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Repressors

Decrease transcription.

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Activators

Increase transcription.

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Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression that are heritable but do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.

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Mutation

A change in a DNA sequence.