Bio Lab 1 - 3 quiz

Descriptive investigation

An investigation used to observe and describe something without manipulation

Comparative investigation

An investigation used to compare two or more groups or conditions

Correlation investigation

An investigation used to compare two or more groups or conditions without manipulation

Experimental investigation

An investigation that involves independent, dependent and control variables in order to test hypothesis

Basic elements of scientific method

observation, research question, hypothesis, experiment, Variables (ind. and dep.), treatment groups, data collection & analysis, conclusion, and report

Null Hypothesis

states no effect or difference

Alternative Hypothesis

states effect or difference

Independent Variable

what you change or manipulate

Dependent Variable

what you measure; outcome factor

Standardized (controlled) Variable

What you keep constant across all groups

Experimental Group

receives the treatment or change

Control Group

Does no receive the treatment; used as baseline

Scientific method in descriptive investigation

only observation

Scientific method in comparative investigation

Yes, sometimes uses experimentation (no variables)

Scientific method in correlation investigation

Yes, no manipulation or experiment

Scientific method in experimental investigation

uses all scientific method

Magnification

how much larger an object appears

Resolution

Ability to distinguish two close objects as separate.

Depth of Field

Thickness of the specimen that remains in focus

Difference (M)

size

Difference (R)

clarity/focus

Difference (DoF)

focus range

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus (DNA in nucleoid region), no membrane-bound organelles, smaller, simpler structure. Examples: Bacteria, Archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Have nucleus (DNA enclosed), have membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, etc.), larger, more complex. Examples: Plant, animal, fungal, and protist cells.

Nucleus

Control center, stores DNA.

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration, energy (ATP) production.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis (found in cytoplasm or attached to ER).

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER - makes proteins (with ribosomes); Smooth ER - makes lipids, detoxifies.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages, modifies, and ships proteins.

Plasma Membrane

Controls movement in/out of cell.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid where organelles are suspended.

Unique structures of plant cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Unique structures of animal cells

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella & cilia

Plant Cells

Have cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole, rectangular shape.

Animal Cells

No cell wall or chloroplasts, small vacuoles, have lysosomes, round shape, centrioles, cilia/flagella.

Structure-Function Relationship

Cell structures are specialized for specific jobs (e.g., mitochondria → energy, chloroplasts → food production).

Unicellular organisms

One cell must do everything (survival, reproduction, movement).

Multicellular organisms

Cells are specialized (e.g., muscle cells for movement, nerve cells for communication), leading to division of labor and efficiency.

Examples of Unicellular Organisms

amoeba, paramecium, euglena, bacteria

Amoeba

Uses pseudopodia ("false feet") for movement and feeding.

Paramecium

Uses cilia (tiny hair-like structures) for swimming.

Euglena

Uses flagella (long whip-like tail) for movement; can photosynthesize (like plants).