A&P Test Review The Chemistry of Life

Three fatty acids linked to glycerol

Triglycerides

Triglycerides function

Energy storage; insulation, shock absorption

Organic chemistry is the of

Compounds containing carbon

What are the four categories of carbon

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Most macromolecules are______

Polymers

______ is a polymer of about 3,000 identical glucose monomers

Starch

DNA is a ____ of about ___ different nucleotide monomers

Polymer, 4

Monomers covalently linked together by______________

Dehydration synthesis

A______ group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen from another; water produced as a by product

Hydroxyl

________ is the opposite of dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is splitting a polymer in monomers by the addition of ______

Water

______ helps break the covalent bond that links two monomers together

Enzyme

What splits the bond?

Enzyme

_______ are hydrophilic organic molecules

Carbohydrates

What is an example of a carb?

Glucose and fructose

What is the simplest carbohydrate?

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are monomers of ______

Larger carbohydrates

What are the 3 important monomers?

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Glucose is ___________

Blood sugar

Ribose and deoxyribose are also ________

Monomers

What kind of sugar is in DNA?

Deoxyribose

_________ are sugars made of two covalently bonded monosaccharides

Disaccharides

_________ are short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

_______ are long chains of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

How many chains do polysaccharides have?

Only 50

What are the 3 important polysaccardies?

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Glycogen is what?

Energy stored In cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina

Starch is what?

Energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans

Cellulose is what?

Structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (indigestible to us)

_____ are hydrophobic organic molecules

Lipids

T or F Lipids have more calories per g than carbs

True

What are the 5 primary types of lipids in the human body?

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids

Fatty acids are classified as ______ or _______

Saturated or unsaturated

_____ fatty acids are carbon atoms linked by single covalent bond

Saturated

______ fatty acids contains some double bonds between carbons

Unsaturated

_________ fatty acids have multiple double bonds between carbons

Polyunsaturated

Saturated fatty acids contain as much_____ as possible

Hydrogen

Unsaturated fatty acids molecule has ______ to add _________

Potential, hydrogen

_______ are similar to triglycerides, but one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group

Phospholipds

Phospholipids are _______

Amphipathic

Fatty acids tails are ______

Hydrophobic

Phosphate head is _______

Hydrophilic

Where do you find phospholipids?

Cell membrane

There is only ___ kind of Cholesterol

One

Good and bad cholesterol refer to droplets of _______ in blood that are complexes of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid, and protein

Lipoprotein

HDL( high-density lipoprotein) = _________

Good cholesterol

HDL can help prevent what?

Cardiovascular disease

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) = _________

Bad cholesterol

LDL contributes to _______

Cardio vascular disease

A ______ is a polymer or amino acids

Protein

Amino acids have central carbon with what 3 attachments?

Amino group, carboxyl group, R (radical) group

20 amino acids used to make proteins are identical except for

The R group

Properties of each amino acid are determined by the ________

R group

A _______ is composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Peptide

dipetides have _ amino acids

2

Tripeptides have _ amino acids

3

Oligopeptides have fewer than _____ amino acids

10-15

Polypeptides are larger than __ amino acids

________ is extreme conformational change that destroys function

Denaturation

What is an example of denaturation?

Extreme heat, cooked egg becomes opaque and stiff

What are the 4 levels of protein complexity?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure

______structure is a sequence of amino acids within protein molecule, and is encoded by genes

Primary structure

______structure is coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

Secondary structure

______ are proteins that function as biological catalysts

Enzymes

Enzymes speed up reaction by lowering __________

Activation energy

Put enzyme action in order 1-5

-Formation of enzyme releases reaction products

-A product is a molecular after the reaction is completed

-Enzyme releases reaction products

-Substrate is a molecule that enters the reaction

-Substrate binds on enzyme called active site

Enzyme action:

1. Substrate is a molecule that enters the reaction

2. A product is a molecular after the reaction is completed

3. Substrate binds on enzyme called active site

4. Formation of enzyme releases reaction products

5. Enzyme releases reaction products

What are factors that can change enzyme shape or function?

Temperature and PH

What Ph do salivary amylase work best at?

PH 7.0

What ph does pepsin in stomach work bwstbat

2.0

Nucleic acid is composed of what 3 components

1. Nitrogenous base

2. Sugar(monosaccharide)

3. One or more phosphate group

____________(___) is a nucleotide that is the body’s most important energy transfer molecule

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains ______ of nucleotides

Millions

What constitutes gens, the instructions for synthesizing proteins?

DNA

RNA (ribonucleic acid) is shorter or longer than DNA?

Shorter

What order should protein, DNA, and RNA go?

DNA——-RNA———proteins