Microbiology - Chapter 19: Diseases of the Immune System

Flashcards covering hypersensitivity types, autoimmune disorders, graft types, and immunodeficiencies based on Microbiology Chapter 19 lecture notes.

Hypersensitivity is defined as any immune response against a __________ antigen that is exaggerated beyond the norm.

foreign

Type I hypersensitivity involves __________ antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve __________ and __________ antibodies directed against cellular antigens.

IgG, IgM

In Type III hypersensitivity, the accumulation of __________ in tissue leads to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

immune complexes

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are __________-mediated reactions involving activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.

T-cell

During the sensitization phase of Type I hypersensitivity, TH2 cells release cytokines __________ and __________ to stimulate B cells.

$IL-4$, $IL-13$

The IgE molecules bind to mast cells with their __________ region, sensitizing them for activation with subsequent allergen exposure.

Fc

Within mast cell granules, the component __________ stimulates the generation of bradykinin, which causes increased vascular permeability and bronchiole constriction.

Heparin

The chemical mediator __________ increases mucus and tear formation, while also increasing vascular permeability and smooth-muscle contraction.

Histamine

Newly formed chemical mediators of the allergic response include __________ and leukotrienes.

Prostaglandins

A positive result in an allergy skin-prick test is indicated by a raised area (__________) and surrounding redness (flare).

wheal

In cases of systemic anaphylaxis, __________ is used to counteract the severe drop in blood pressure.

epinephrine

A Type II hypersensitivity known as __________ anemia occurs during an incompatible blood transfusion.

hemolytic

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can be prevented by administering __________ immune globulin during and after each pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus.

Rho(D)

Systemic lupus erythematosus and __________ are common examples of systemic Type III hypersensitivity.

Rheumatoid arthritis

In Type IV hypersensitivity, the delay in response reflects the time it takes for __________ and __________ to migrate to and proliferate at the site.

macrophages, T cells

In the Mantoux test for tuberculosis, an induration of __________ or more $mm$ is always considered positive.

$$15$$

Exposure to hapten antigens in __________ can cause contact dermatitis, which is a Type IV hypersensitivity.

poison ivy

A graft obtained from a member of a different species, such as a pig, is called a __________.

Xenograft (or heterograft)

A graft obtained from the patient’s own donor site is called an __________.

Autograft

Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (GvHD) primarily affects the skin, __________, and gastrointestinal tract.

liver

Hypotheses for the etiology of autoimmunity include __________ mimicry between pathogen antigens and self-antigens.

Antigen

Goiter and exophthalmia are symptoms commonly associated with __________ disease.

Graves

Celiac disease results from a reaction to proteins called __________, found mainly in wheat, barley, and rye.

gluten

In Multiple sclerosis (MS), __________ destruction of the myelin sheath occurs in the central nervous system.

Cytotoxic T-cell

Myasthenia gravis is caused by autoantibodies directed against __________ receptors within the neuromuscular junction.

acetylcholine

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) are present in more than __________% of patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus.

$$95$$

Primary immunodeficiencies result from genetic or developmental defects and usually develop in __________.

infants and young children

__________ disease is characterized by impaired killing of bacteria within the phagolysosome of neutrophils and macrophages.

Chronic granulomatous

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) involves both __________ and __________ defects.

B-cell, T-cell

DiGeorge syndrome, or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, results in an underdeveloped __________.

thymus