SELECTED NOBEL PRIZE AWARDED FOR RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY

Emil A. von Behring

1901: Germany

Developed a diphtheria antitoxin

Ronald Ross

1902; Discovers how malaria is transmitted

Robert Koch

1905; Germany

Cultured tuberculosis is bacteria

Paul Ehrlich

1908: Germany

Developed theories on immunity

Ellie Metchnikoff

1908; Russia

Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells

Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey

1945; Scotland England

Discovered penicillin

Selman A. Waksman

1952: Ukraine

Discovered streptomycin

Hans A. Krebs

1953; Discovered chemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism.

John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, and Frederick C. Robbins

Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures.

Joshua Lederberg, George Beadle

1958:

Described genetic control of biochemical reactions.

James D. Watson, Frances H. C. Crick, and Maurice A. F. Wilkins

1962:

Identified the physical structure of DNA.

François Jacob, Jacques Monod, and André Lwoff

1965: Described how protein synthesis is regulated in bacteria.

Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W. Nirenberg

1968; Discovered the genetic code for amino acids.

Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, and Salvador E. Luria

1969; Described the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells.

Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter

1972; Described the nature and structure of antibodies.

Renato Dulbecco, Howard Temin, and David Baltimore

1975 Discovered reverse transcriptase and described how RNA viruses could cause cancer.

Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith, and Werner Arber

1978: Described the action of restriction enzymes [now used in genetic engineering).

Peter Mitchell

1978: English

Described the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis

Paul Berg

1980: United States

Performed experiments in gene splicing (genetic

engineering].

Walter Gilbert

1980, United States: Discovered a method of DNA sequencing.

Aaron Klug

1982, South Africa : Described the structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

Barbara McClintock

1983, United States: Discovered transposons (small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another).

César Milstein, Georges J.F. Köhler, and Niels Kai Jerne

1984, Argentina, Germmany, Denmark

Developed a technique for producing monoclonal anti- bodies (single pure antibodies).

Susumu Tonegawa

1987,Japan : Described the genetics of antibody production.

Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, and Hartmut Michel

1988, Germany: Described the structure of bacterial photosynthetic

J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus

19899, United States : Discovered cancer-causing genes called oncogenes.

Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas

1990: United States: Performed the first successful organ transplants by using immunosuppressive agents.

Edmond H. Fisher and Edwin G. Krebs

1992, United States: Discovered protein kinases, enzymes that regulate cell growth.

Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp

1993, Great Britain ,United States

Discovered that genes can be separated on different segments of DNA.

Kary B. Mullis

1993: United States Discovered the polymerase chain reaction to amplify (copy) DNA.

Michael Smith

1993, Canada: Discovered a procedure to modify DNA to make new proteins.

Alfred Gilman and Martin Rodbell

1994, United States: Identified G proteins, which translate and integrate external signals that affect a wide range of biological activities.

Peter C. Doherty and Rolk M. Zinkernagel

1996: Australia, Switzerland

Discovered how cytotoxic T cells recognize virus-infected cells prior to destroying them.

Leland H. Hartwell, Paul M. Nurse, and R. Timothy Hunt

2001: United States and Great Britain

Discovered genes that encode proteins regulating cell division