A&P Chapter 20

One possible consequence of untreated strep throat is a disease causing inflammation of heart called

a. coronary thrombosis.

b. rheumatic fever.

c.coronary ischemia.

d. rheumatoid arthritis.

e. angina pectoris.

b. rheumatic fever.

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

a. There will be much bigger P waves.

b. The QRS duration will be longer.

c. The ventricles will stop beating.

d. The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

e. The P-R interval will be shorter.

d. The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the

a. heart rate will decrease.

b. cells will depolarize.

c. cells will hyperpolarize.

d. heart rate will increase.

e. heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.

e. heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.

Which valve(s) cusps open up toward the base of the heart?

a. right and left AV valves

b. right AV, left AV, aortic and pulmonary valves

c. right AV and pulmonary valves

d. left AV and aortic valves

e. aortic and pulmonary valves

e. aortic and pulmonary valves

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called

a. bradycardia.

b. hypocardia.

c. tachycardia.

d. hypercardia.

e. procardia.

a. bradycardia.

A fine tubular wire mesh called a ________ may be inserted into a coronary vessel, holding it open.

a. angioplast

b.catheter

c.stent

d. keyhole

e. angiogram

c.stent

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,

a. the ventricles will beat faster.

b. the atria will contract more forcefully.

c. cardiac output will increase.

d. the ventricles will beat more slowly.

e. the ventricular beat will remain unchanged.

d. the ventricles will beat more slowly.

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called

a. depolarization.

b. asystole.

c. hyperpolarization.

d. diastole.

e. systole.

d. diastole.

Which valve(s) contains 2 cusps?

a. right AV and pulmonary valves

b. right and left AV valves

c. left AV valve

d. left AV and aortic valves

e. right AV valve

c. left AV valve

Which of the following factors will decrease cardiac output?

a. stimulation of the vagus nerve

b. increased venous return

c. sympathetic activation

d. increased preload

a. stimulation of the vagus nerve

If you know both the heart rate and stroke volume, you can calculate the __________.

a. cardiac output

b. end-diastolic volume

c. end-systolic volume

d. ejection fraction

a. cardiac output

Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.

b. Cardiac muscle cells branch.

c. Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus.

d. Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.

e. Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.

d. Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of

a. increased membrane permeability to chloride ions.

b. increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

c. decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions.

d. decreased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

e. increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.

b. increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

a. pulmonary

b. carotid

c. circumflex

d. coronary

e. subclavian

d. coronary

The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.

a. 15,000

b. 50,000

c. 20,000

d. 100,000

e. 8,000

e. 8,000

Which of the following will NOT increase the heart rate?

a increased levels of circulating epinephrine

b.faster rise of the pacemaker potential

c.increased parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node

d.increased sympathetic stimulation of the SA node

c.increased parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

a. coronary sinus.

b. left coronary artery.

c.aorta.circumflex artery.

d. right coronary artery.

d. right coronary artery.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

a. the atrioventricular node.

b. both the left and right ventricles.

c.the wall of the left ventricle.

d. the sinoatrial node.

e. the Purkinje fibers.

Submit

d. the sinoatrial node.

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

a. aorta.

b. right atrium.

c. lungs.pulmonary circuit.

d. right ventricle.

a. aorta.

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves are called

a. flutters.

b. murmurs.

c. fibrillations.

d. ectopic foci.

e. asystole.

e. asystole.

The adult heart is roughly the size of

a. the hand of a 10-year-old.

b. a man's clenched fist.

c. the gallbladder.

d. the brain.

e. the liver.

b. a man's clenched fist.

The backward flow of blood from a ventricle to its atrium or from a outflow vessel to its ventricle is called

a.stenosis.

b.regurgitation.

c.emesis.

d.fibrillation.

e.flutter.

b.regurgitation.

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

a.aorta.

b.right atrium.

c.right and left lungs.

d.left atrium.

e.left ventricle.

c.right and left lungs.

The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________.

a. cardiac veins; right atrium

b. interventricular artery; left ventricle

c. right atrium; right ventricle

d. cardiac vein; right ventricle

e. coronary arteries; left ventricle

a. cardiac veins; right atrium

In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall.

a.intravenous catheterization

b. balloon angioplasty

c. atherectomy

d.ablation

e. coronary arterial bypass graft

b. balloon angioplasty

Hypertension increases ________ causing stroke volume to ________.

a. contractility; increase

b. preload; decrease

c. afterload; increase

d. afterload; decrease

e. preload; increase

d. afterload; decrease

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

a. left coronary artery.

b. interventricular artery.

c. aorta.

d. right coronary artery.

e. coronary sinus.

a. left coronary artery.

John encounters a bear while hiking. His heart will respond in all of the following ways except

a. decreasing heart rate and contractility.

b. increasing heart rate.

c. increasing preload.

d. increasing venous return.

e. increasing contractility.

a. decreasing heart rate and contractility.

A tumor on the adrenal gland increasing catecholamine release will cause all of the following cardiovascular responses except

a. decreased ESV.

b. increased contractility.

c. decreased heart rate.

d.increased preload.

e. increased venous return.

c. decreased heart rate.

________ is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia.

a. Hematuria

b. Angina pectoris

c. Memory loss

d. Fluid in the lungs

e. A rash

b. Angina pectoris

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

a. fibrocytes.

b. cardiac muscle cells.

c. epithelial cells.

d. smooth muscle cells.

e. chondrocytes.

b. cardiac muscle cells.

The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________.

a. QRS complex

b. T wave

c. Q wave

d. P wave

e. P-R segment

a. QRS complex

On an ECG, what phase of the cardiac cycle is masked by the QRS complex?

a. atrial depolarization

b. atrial repolarization

c. ventricular depolarization

d. ventricular repolarization

b. atrial repolarization

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is closely followed by __________.

a. relaxation of the ventricles

b. contraction of both ventricles

c. relaxation of both atria

d. contraction of both atria

d. contraction of both atria

Premature contractions are common and typically not dangerous. If the premature contractions are due to aberrant Purkinje fibers, you can conclude all of the following are taking place EXCEPT __________.

a. Purkinje fibers acting as an ectopic pacemaker

b. epinephrine exacerbating the premature contractions

c. stimulatory drugs increasing the frequency of premature contractions

d. atrial premature contractions occurring

d. atrial premature contractions occurring

Depolarizing Purkinje fibers or ventricular myocardial cells that reach threshold before the SA node trigger premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Epinephrine, some stimulatory drugs, and some ions can increase the number of PVCs.

Several distinct abnormalities of cardiac electric activity characterize cardiac arrhythmias. Which of the following is NOT one of these abnormalities?

a. Periodic premature contractions of the heart chambers

b. Tachycardia with a heart rate of less than 60 bpm

c. Fibrillations rather than organized contractions

d. Ectopic pacemaker activity

b. Tachycardia with a heart rate of less than 60 bpm

Fibrillations, premature contractions facilitated by ectopic pacemakers, and tachycardias both characterize cardiac arrhythmias.

Which of the following cardiac arrhythmias is associated with immediate, life-threatening danger?

a. Ventricular tachycardia

b. Ventricular fibrillation

c. Atrial tachycardia

d. Atrial fibrillation

b. Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillations render the pumping activity of the ventricles impossible, and cardiac arrest ensues.

The epicardium is also known as the __________.

a. visceral pericardium

b. endocardium

c. myocardium

d. parietal pericardium

a. visceral pericardium

What feature allows the blood supply to the heart muscle to remain relatively constant regardless of the pressure changes in the coronary arteries due to heartbeats?

a. coronary sinus

b. arterial anastomoses

c. cardiac skeleton

d. fossa ovalis

b. arterial anastomoses

The papillary muscles function to __________.

a. prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria

b. close the AV valves

c. eject blood from the ventricles

d. push blood from the atria into the ventricles

a. prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria

The first heart sound, "lubb," is caused by the ________.

a. regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves

b. closing of the semilunar valves

c. closing of the atrioventricular valves

d. blood flowing into the ventricles

c. closing of the atrioventricular valves

An action potential in cardiac contractile cells is the same as an action potential in skeletal muscle cells EXCEPT for ______.

a. the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells

b. at threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, and there is a massive influx of sodium ions

c. the movement of potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization

d. as the membrane potential approaches +30mV, the voltage-gated sodium channels close, and sodium begins to be actively transported out of the cell

a. the presence of a plateau phase in cardiac contractile cells

Which of the following correctly lists the order of events in the conducting pathway?

a. AV node, internodal pathway, SA node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

b. SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches

c. SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

d. SA node, AV node, internodal pathway, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

c. SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

During the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, which ion is entering the cardiac muscle cell?

a. calcium

b. oxygen

c. potassium

d. sodium

a. calcium

The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is caused by _______.

a. slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

b. fast Na+ channels opening

c. fast voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

d. slow K+ channels opening

a. slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels opening

Which of the following statements is true about the SA (sinoatrial) node?

a. The action potential created by the pacemaker cells of the SA node directly stimulates the contractile cells of both the atria and ventricles.

b. Pacemaker cells in the SA node form a pathway between the SA and AV nodes.

c. The pacemaker cells, which establish the heart rate, are located only in the SA node.

d. The rate of spontaneous depolarization of nodal cells is the fastest in the SA node.

d. The rate of spontaneous depolarization of nodal cells is the fastest in the SA node.

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute during the cardiac cycle is called the __________.

a. end-systolic volume

b. cardiac output

c. ejection fraction

d. stroke volume

b. cardiac output

How is heart rate controlled?

a. Heart rate is controlled through the cardiac plexus.

b. Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS control heart rate.

c. Dual innervation controls the heart rate.

d. All the listed answers are correct.

d. All the listed answers are correct.

Susan visits the doctor for a stress test before beginning a workout schedule. On the treadmill at a full run for 5 minutes, her heart rate was 150 bpm and her stroke volume was determined to be 120 mL. What is her calculated Cardiac Output?

a. It is the same as her SV.

b. 20 L / min

c. 15 L / min

d. 18 L / min

d. 18 L / min

Which of the following factors does NOT occur during exercise?

a. decreased afterload

b. increased stroke volume

c. increased preload

d. increased afterload

d. increased afterload

The __________ valve prevents backward flow of blood into the left ventricle.

a. bicuspid

b. pulmonary

c. tricuspid

d. aortic

d. aortic

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

a. two pumps

b. one pump

c. three pumps

a. two pumps

Yes, the right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit).

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

a. right ventricle

b. left ventricle

c. left atrium

d. right atrium

d. right atrium

Yes, the right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

a. left ventricle

b. right atrium

c. left atrium

d. right ventricle

c. left atrium

Yes, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

a. left atrium

b. right ventricle

c. right atrium

d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body (systemic circuit)

The pulmonary veins carry __________ blood to the __________ atrium.

a. deoxygenated; right

b. oxygenated; left

c. deoxygenated; left

d. oxygenated; right

b. oxygenated; left

With the force of the head-on collision, the patient's chest collided with the steering wheel, causing fractures of the anterior chest wall, including the sternum and ribs. The heart itself, located just deep to the sternum, was injured and began bleeding into the pericardial cavity. What is normally found in the pericardial cavity?

a. blood

b. pericardial fluid

c. synovial fluid

d. air

b. pericardial fluid

the pericardial cavity normally contains 15-50 mL of pericardial fluid, which acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces as the heart beats

Dr. Jim knew this victim was suffering from cardiac tamponade due to blood in the pericardial space. The blood in the pericardial cavity compressed the heart, squeezing the atria and ventricles so the atria could not fill. What vessels fill the right atria?

a. pulmonary arteries

b. aorta

c. pulmonary veins

d. coronary sinus and superior and inferior vena cava

d. coronary sinus and superior and inferior vena cava

The coronary sinus and superior/inferior vena cava fill the right ventricle, while the pulmonary veins fill the left ventricle.

In a single cardiac contraction, or heartbeat, the entire heart contracts in series--first the atria and then the ventricles. What is the first step in this process?

a. An action potential is generated at the Bundle of His.

b. An action potential is generated by the atrioventricular node.

c. An action potential is generated by the sinoatrial node.

d. An action potential is generated at the Purkinje fibers.

c. An action potential is generated by the sinoatrial node.

Each heartbeat begins with an action potential generated at the SA node, and the rest of the conducting system then propagates and distributes this electrical impulse.

What happens during atrial systole?

a. The chambers contract and push blood into the ventricles.

b. The right and left atrioventricular valves are closed.

c. An impulse travels through the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, causing contraction.

d. The chamber is relaxed and fills with blood.

a. The chambers contract and push blood into the ventricles.

Fluids move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. In the cardiac cycle, the pressure within each chamber rises during systole and falls during diastole.

Which of the following statements is true about hemoglobin?

a. Each hemoglobin molecule is made up of one alpha and one beta chain of polypeptide.

b. Hemoglobin can only bind oxygen.

c. All that is needed to bind oxygen is a molecule of heme.

d. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.

d. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.

Red blood cells carry __________ to the lungs and __________ to the tissues.

a. oxygen; carbon dioxide

b. nutrients; carbon dioxide

c. oxygen; nutrients

d. carbon dioxide; oxygen

d. carbon dioxide; oxygen

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about how the components of hemoglobin are recycled?

a. Iron ions are either stored in a phagocytic cell or circulate in the blood, bound to transferrin (a plasma protein).

b. Each heme is stripped of its iron and converted to bilirubin, then excreted in bile.

c. Hemoglobin can be recycled only if phagocytized by macrophages.

d. The alpha and beta chains are released into the bloodstream for use by other cells.

d. The alpha and beta chains are released into the bloodstream for use by other cells.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of RBC morphology?

a. a convex shape allowing for more efficient transport of oxygen

b. ability to bend and flex when entering capillaries

c. ability to form stacks known as rouleaux

d. a large surface area-to-volume ratio

a. a convex shape allowing for more efficient transport of oxygen