ela's IMF'S and Thermo Test Review

solid

A form of matter that retains a fixed shape and volume, with tightly packed particles.

liquid

A state of matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container, with particles that are close together but can flow past one another.

gas

A state of matter that has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume, consisting of widely spaced particles that move freely and fill their container.

boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas, corresponding to atmospheric pressure.

freezing point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid, typically at standard atmospheric pressure.

vapor pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form at a given temperature.

atmospheric pressure

The force per unit area exerted by the weight of air above a given point, affecting boiling and freezing points.

kinetic energy

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, influencing temperature and state changes of matter.

endothermic

A process or reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature. Examples include melting and boiling.

exothermic

A process that releases energy, usually in the form of heat, to its surroundings during a chemical reaction or phase change.

dispersion forces

Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary shifts in electron density, causing attractions between molecules.

dipole-dipole forces

Intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules, where positive and negative charges attract each other.

hydrogen bonding

Strong dipole-dipole attraction that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

polarity

A measure of the separation of electric charge leading to a molecule having a positive end and a negative end, resulting in dipole moments in polar molecules.

vaporization

The process by which a substance transitions from a liquid state to a gas state, typically occurring at the surface of the liquid.

boiling

The rapid transition of a liquid to a gas that occurs throughout the liquid at a specific temperature called the boiling point.

melting

The process by which a solid transitions to a liquid state when heated, occurring at a specific temperature known as the melting point.

evaporation

The gradual transition of a liquid to a gas that occurs at temperatures below the boiling point, primarily at the liquid's surface.

sublimation

The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. This occurs at specific conditions of temperature and pressure.

freezing

The process by which a liquid transitions to a solid state when cooled, occurring at a specific temperature known as the freezing point.

deposition

The process by which a gas transforms directly into a solid without passing through the liquid state, typically occurring under specific conditions of temperature and pressure.

condensation

The process by which a gas transitions into a liquid state, usually through cooling, and occurs at a specific temperature known as the dew point.