Infection and response

communicable disease is

A disease that can be spread from one person to another

non-communicable disease

a disease not capable of being spread from one person to another

Pathogen

a microorganism that causes disease

Name 4 types of pathogens

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists

Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

Is fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Is protist prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Is viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

neither it isn't a cell

how does bacteria make you ill?

they invade into your body

the divide rapidly (through asexual reproduction) once inside

produce toxins which which make us feel I'll and sometimes directly damage cells

How do virsues make us ill?

they invade into your cell

reproduce rapidly once inside

and eventually burst out damaging the cell making us feel ill

How do fungi make us ill?

hyphae grow and penetrate human skin/surface of the plant

produces spores which cause fungus to spread

how does protists make us ill?

live on or inside other organisms - often transferred to the organism by a vector

Vector

an organism that carries disease

example of bacteria

Salmonella bacteria-

Example of virus

HIV

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

StartFragment

HIV- infects and destroys cells that normally help to defend the body against disease (like white blood cells) this makes people with HIV more likely to get ill from infection by other pathogens

​

example of protist

malaria

example of fungi

the black spot fungus

6 ways of transmission of pathogens and disease

air (e.g. sneezes and coughs)

blood other body fluids (e.g. urine saliva)

touch

animals

sexual reproduction

food/water

how does pathogen/disease spread through air?

through droplets of coughs and sneezes

how can you reduce or even prevent diseases being spread?

​

simple hygiene measures

destroying vector

isolation of infected individuals

vaccination

What type of pathogen causes Gonorrhoera ?

Bacteria

What type of pathogen causes HIV?

Virus

What type of pathogen causes Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV)

virus

What type of pathogen causes salmonella

bacteria

What type of pathogen causes measles

virus

What type of pathogen causes Rose black spot

fungus

What type of pathogen causes malaria

protist

Gonorrhoea symptoms

pain when unrinating and yellow/green discharge from their vagina/penic

Hiv symptoms

intially flu like symptoms. usally patient doesn't fell any symptoms for the next few years

Tobacco Mosaic Virus symptoms

Mosaic pattern on leaves and dicolouration

salmonella symptoms

diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps

measles symptoms

Fever and a red skin rash

rose black spot symptoms

black or purple spots on leaves.

Leaves can turn yellow and drop off

malaria symptoms

sweating, high fever, chills, shaking,

How is pathogen tranferred in Gonorrhoea?

unprotected intercourse

How is pathogen tranferred in HIV?

unprotected intercourse

exchange of bodily fluids

How is pathogen tranferred in TMV?

contact between plants

How is pathogen tranferred in salmonella?

by eating food that has been contaminated by that salmonalla bacteria (normally uncooked meat)

How is pathogen tranferred in Measles?

droplets of a sneeze or cough from an infected person

How is pathogen tranferred in Rose balck spot?

spread through environment in water or wind

How is pathogen tranferred in Malaria?

spread by mosquitoes (vector)

Gonorrhoea

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

use protection- prevention

usally treated with antibiotics- treatment

HIV

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

don't share blood, use protection- prevention

treated with pill and shots (incurable diease)- treatment

TMV

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

to contorl the sread- farmers must dig us and destory infected plants, wash their hands after handeling infected plants, wash tools that have come inot contact with infected plants in detergen or bleach

Salmonella

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

cook meat properly -prevention

generally rquires no treatment -treatment

Meales

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

most people are vaccinated agianst it at a young ate -prevention

Rose black spot

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

use fungicides and stripping the plant of the affect leaves- treatment

Malaria

How do you prevent being infected?

What is the treatment?

spraying exposed skin with insect repellent and sleeping under a mosquito net- prevention

take antimalrial drugs -treatment

First line of defence

eyelashes

skin

stomach

trachea and bronchi

nose hair and mucus

trachea and bronchi

-mucus traps pathigen and cilia to waft the nucleus to that back of the throat

skin

• acts barrier and secetes antomicrombial substance to kill pathogen

• prevents pathogen from going straight into your body/blood

nose hair and mucus

prevents you inhaling bacteria. The little hairs are called cilia

platelets are able to

• release chemicals that cuase souble proteins to form a mesh of firbes across the wound

• stick togther to form clumps that get stuck in the mesh

red blood cels also

get stuck into the mesh forming a clot this develops into a scab which protects the wound as it heals

descibe what white blood cells do to pathogen during phagocytosis

• they consume the pathogens and digest them

• they produce antitoxins and antibodies

descibe how the production of antibodies leads to the destruction of pathogens

white blood cells produced antibodies which bind to the antigen on the pathogen and destroy it

how to antitoxins stop people from getting ill?

white blood cells produce antitoxins which bind to and neutralise the toxins

What is a vaccine?

a dead or inactive pathogen which are not able to reproduce

what does a vaccine do?

1) a vaccine is a dead or inactive pathogen

2) this trigger the immune system

3) trigggers the WBC's to start reproducing

4) These WBC's produce specific antibodies which bind and destroy the pathogen

5) the WBC's store information in memory cells so that if the same pathogen attacks they can produce the speific antibodies faster for the pathogen

pros of vaccination

• Herd immunity- helps control majority of the communicable disease from occurring

• stops large outbreaks of disease from spreading (epidemics)

cons of vaccination

• ethical/religious issues

• side efects

• fear of vaccinations

• bad reaction to vaccination (very rare)

• do not always work