World History Finals Review (Part I: Vocabulary + Multiple Choice Questions)

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Their holy book is the Bible, divided into the Old and New Testaments. Holy city: Jerusalem.

Judaism

A monotheistic religion that originated with the Hebrew people, centered on the covenant made between God and Abraham. Its sacred texts include the Torah and Talmud, and its holy city is Jerusalem.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad, based on the teachings of the Quran. It emphasizes the Five Pillars of Islam and has Mecca as its holy city.

How are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam related?

They are all monotheistic Abrahamic religions that share common roots and beliefs, including the worship of the same God and recognition of certain prophets.

Medieval

Meaning, “Middle Age”

From 500 - 1500 C.E.

Battle of Tours

Christian warriors vs. Frankish warriors over Western Europe; the Christians won.

Charlemagne

Charles the Great; grandson of Charles Martel.

King of the Franks.

Magyars

Nomadic people that settled in present-day Hungary.

They overran Eastern Europe, but eventually got pushed back to Hungary.

Vikings

Independent farmers ruled by land-owning chieftains; expert sailors that broke the last threads of unity in Charlemagne’s empire.

Feudalism

A decentralized political and economic structure

Vassals

Lesser lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lords

Feudal contract

An exchange of pledges

Fief

An estate

Knight

A mounted warrior

Tournaments

Mock battles

Chivalry

A code of conduct that required knights to be: brave, loyal, and true to their word

Troubadours

Wandering musicians

Manor

A lord’s estate

Serfs

Peasants bound to the manor’s land

Sacraments

The sacred rites of the Church

Benedictine Rule

Rules to regulate the monastic life used by monasteries and convents across Europe

Secular

Meaning, “worldly”

Papal Supremacy

Authority over all secular rulers including kings and emperors

Canon Law

The Churches own developed laws

Excommunication

Severe penalty; couldn’t receive the Sacraments or a Christian burial, condemning them to hell.

Interdict

An order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom, from receiving most Sacraments and Christian burials

Friars

Monks who did not live in isolated monasteries

St. Francis of Assisi

A wealthy Italian who found the Franciscans

Charter

A written document that set out the rights / privileges of the town

Capital

Money for investments

Partnerships

Groups of merchants joined together to combine their funds and pay for expenses too costly for an individual

Tenant farmers

Farmers who payed rent for their land

Middle class

The class ranked between nobles and peasants

Guilds

Associations formed by merchants and artisons

Apprentice

A trainee

Journeymen

Salaried workers

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance; studied the classic Greek and Roman cultures to understand their own times

Humanities

Subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greek / Roman schools

Petrarch

A Florentine who lived in the 1300’s, and was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar

Florence

Florence, Italy (in Europe)

Patron

A financial supporter

Perspective

Point of view (in art); it allowed scenes to become 3-dimensional

Leonardo de Vinci

An artist (1452 - 1519); had an endless curiosity that fed a genius for invention

Michelangelo

An artist (1475 - 1564); was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet

Raphael

An artist (1483 - 1520); was widely admired for his artistic talent, and “sweet + gracious nature.”

He was best known for his portrayals of Madonna, the mother of Jesus

Baldassare Castiglione

Author of “The Book of the Courtier.” The book is about the manners, skills, learning, and virtues, that a member of the court should have.

Niccoló Machiavelli

Author of “The Prince” The book is a guide for rulers on how to gain, and maintain, power

Johann Gutenberg

From Mainz, Germany; printed the first complete Bible using a printing press

Flanders

A region that included parts of: present-day Northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; a large trade center for Northern Europe

Albrecht Dürer

A German man; one of the first northern artists to be greatly affected by the Renaissance in Italy

Engraving

A type of art; an etched design on a metal plate with acid. These plates are used to make prints

Vernacular

The everyday language of ordinary people

Erasmus

A Dutch priest and humanist who produced a Greek edition of the Bible; one of the most important scholars of the age

Thomas More

Friend of Erasmus; an English humanist who pressed for social reform

Shakespeare (I thought it was Shakesphere)

A prominent figure in Renaissance literature, as well as an English poet and playwright (wrote 37 plays)

Indulgences

A lessening of the time a soul would spend in purgatory

Martin Luther

A German monk and professor of Theology, who triggered the revolt against the Church

Wittenberg

A place in Germany where Johann Tezel set up a pulpit

Charles V

The new Holy Roman Emperor in 1521

Diet

Assembly of German princes

John Calvin

Another reformer who profoundly impacted the direction of the reformation

Predestination

The idea that God had, long ago, determined who would gain Salvation

Geneva

A Swiss city-state

Theocracy

A government run by church leaders

Sects

Religious groups that had broken away from an established church

Henry VIII

The King of England around 1520; began exploring protestant ideas, taking a hiatus from the Catholic Church

Mary Tudor

Henry and Catherine of Aragon’s only surviving child

Thomas Crammer

Archbishop of the new church; appointed by King Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

Henry and Anne Bokyn’s daughter

Canonized

Recognized as a saint

Compromise

Acceptable middle ground

Council of Trent

A council called by the pope in 1545, to establish the direction the reform should follow.

Ignatius of Loyola

A Spanish knight, raised in the crusading tradition, who founded the Jesuits

Teresa of Avila

A covenant who established her own order of nuns; was asked by the church to recognize, and reform, Spanish covenants and monasteries.

Ghetto

A separate quarter of Italy designated for the Jews