PED Ch14 - Chronic Adaptations

Economy

The quantity of oxygen (mL/kg/min) required to generate movement at any given speed or intensity

Respiratory chronic adaptations to aerobic training (4)

• Increased pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise

• Increased tidal volume

• Decreased resting and submaximal respiratory frequency

• Increased pulmonary diffusion

Ventilation

The amount of air inspired or expired per minute by the lungs

Ventilation equation

Ventilation = Tidal volume x Respiratory frequency

V = TV x RF

Tidal volume

The amount of air that is inspired and expired with each breath

Respiratory frequency

The amount of breaths in and out per minute

Pulmonary diffusion

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and surrounding capillaries from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Cardiovascular chronic adaptations to aerobic training (9)

• Increased left ventricle size and volume

• Increased stroke volume

• Decreased resting and submaximal heart rate

• Faster heart rate recovery rates

• Increased cardiac output during maximal exercise

• Decreased blood pressure

• Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle

• Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle

• Increased blood volume

Cardiac hypertrophy

The enlargement of the heart muscle as a result of training

Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat of the heart

Cardiac output

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute (L/min)

Cardiac output equation

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

Q = SV x HR

Systolic blood pressure

The blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase

Diastolic blood pressure

The blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle

Healthy blood pressure

120/80mm/Hg (systolic/diastolic)

Capillarisation

An increase in capillary density, increasing blood supply to the muscles and heart and increasing the exchange of gases and nutrients

Muscular chronic adaptations to aerobic training (6)

• Increased size and number of mitochondria

• Increased myoglobin stores

• Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference

• Increased muscular fuel stores and oxidative enzymes

• Increased oxidation of glucose and triglycerides

• Adaptation of muscle fibre type

Mitochondria

The site of aerobic ATP resynthesis, responsible for breaking down glucose ad triglycerides for energy

Myoglobin

Responsible for extracting oxygen from the blood and bringing it into the muscles