unit 1 lecture exam part 2

what cells deal with tissue injury response

Microphages- respond to swelling, mast cell- releases powerful cocktail of signaling molecules, histamine chemical- stimulate swelling, heparin- anticoagulant, lymphocytes- specialized cells of specific immune response

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Cells are Tightly Bound Together = Cellularity, Tissue has Polarity (2 different “poles” or sides), Apical Surface = exposed surface, Basal Surface = deep surface, Has a Basement Membrane, Considered Avascular- no blood vessels; obtains nutrients from deeper connective tissue, Regenerative- old cells are constantly replaced by germinative cells.

Characteristics of Connective Tissue (CT)

has ground substance Most unique and diverse tissue type of the body, Ex

3 Basic Components of ct

Specialized Cells :about 5% of the tissue or less, Solid Extracellular Protein Fibers , Fluid Extracellular Ground Substance

Superficial Fascia (also known as Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis)

just below skin; separates skin from the underlying skeletal muscle; composed of areolar tissue and adipose tissue

Deep Fascia

bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments (materials surrounding muscle & bone); composed of dense connective tissue; forms strong, fibrous internal network

Subserous Fascia

between serous membranes and deep fascia; composed of areolar tissue

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough er)

synthesis protein, storage (calcium / Ca2+), transport within ER, and detox

Golgi Apparatus

protein modification and shipping center

Ribosomes

produce proteins

Mitochondria

ATP production during cellular respiration; “powerhouse of the cell”

Vesicles

internal shipping within and to the outside of the cell

Lysosome

break down or digestion of bacteria or internal cellular contents/debris

Acid

below 7, solutions contain more H+

Neutral

7

base

above 7, solution contains more OH-

Protons (+)

positively charged; part of the nucleus

Neutrons

neutral charged; part of the nucleus

Electrons (-)

negatively charged; fly on outer rim of atom’s “valence shell”, forming

polar Covalent Bonds

a type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons unevenly because one atom pulls the shared electrons more strongly than the other

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

when atoms have similar electronegativities, they share electrons equally forming, Ex: CO2, CH4, H2, O2

Ionic Bonding

when one atom “accepts/strips” an electron from another atom; the atom that loses its electron “donates” its electron, resulting in bonding partners; forms ionic compounds or salts

Homeostasis

the body’s ability to maintain an internal constant or physiological range (at rest)

Sensor or Receptor

recognizes a change

Control Center

processes the information and generates a response (brain and spinal cord)

Effector

the cell/tissue/organ that carries out instructions from the brain/spinal cord to keep the body within homeostatic range

Negative Feedback (NF)

When homeostasis is lost, NF is the main method of bringing body conditions back to a normal range in a slow, controlled manner

Positive Feedback

initial response is weak, as time progresses, the strength of response continues to amplify

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded molecule that sits within the nucleus; [1] serves as template for DNA replication and RNA transcription; has bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T); polymer (long chain of nucleic acids)

RNA

ribonucleic acid; single-stranded molecule; has bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U)

Transcription

DNA undergoes (nucleus) “copy or transcript” (mRNA) containing instruction for protein production

Translation

mRNA undergoes (cytoplasm) use of ribosomes to translate mRNA to proteins via amino acid linking

Levels of organism

chemical level, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism- top down- starting at the organism, bottom up starts at the chemical level

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS)

transmembrane proteins that connect opposing plasma membranes of adjacent cells

Proteoglycans

secreted protein-polysaccharide mixture that contributes to the close associations (“filler” between cells, like glue or cement)

Tight Junctions

lipid portions of 2 plasma membranes are tightly bound via interlocking transmembrane proteins, Prevents passage of water, solutes, and isolates wastes in lumen; important for kidney, bladder, and stomach , Lumen = open space; this junction prevented leakage of enzymes out of the stomach

Gap Junctions

allows for rapid communication and exchange of ions amongst neighboring cells

Enzyme Proteins

catalyze reactions near or within the membrane; important for cellular respiration