Biology cell structure and function test (stolen)

Junior/senior

3 components of Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. Livings things can only come from other living cells.

Membrane Proteins (which ones are they)

intergal, peripheral

What is another name for intergal proteins?

transmembrane proteins

Intergal protein function(6) +structure

part of plasma membrane; transport, enzymatic activity, communication, cell-cell recognition

Extracellular matrix

network of connective proteins outside of the cell membrane of animal cells

Peripheral Protein

assosiated with the membrane but doesn’t go through it.

Chromatin

made out of DNA

what is passive transport (which ones are passive)

transportation that requieres no energy

Includes osmosis, simple and facilitated transport

Simple Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration across phospholipids

Facilitated diffusion

Transport PROTEINS assist polar/ charged molecules

Osmosis

Water only diffusion

What is Active Transport (which ones are active)

Transportation within cell that requires energy

Includes Na-K pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

Sodium-Potassium(Na-K) pump

moves IONS against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis (bulk trransport)

Large molecules ender cell

Exocytosis (Bulk Transport)

Large molecules exit cell

Aquaporins

allows water to pass through the membrane with their channels

Carbohydrates on plasma membrane function

cell recognition and signaling

Phosphoplipid bi-layer

hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tails

Eurkaryotic cells (bigger)

Membrane bound organelles like nucelus, mitochondria

Prokaryotic cells(smaller)

lack most organells. have ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall CIRCULAR DNA, plasma membrane,

What is insulin

a protein

What do enzymes do?

breaks down substances

why do cells need energy

to do work such as moving matter around

Peroxisomes

breaks down sugars, produces cholesterol, detoxifies cell, produces peroxide (H2O2)

Apoptosis

lysosome function; programmed cell death and responsible for every hole in your body.

is energy processed or made?

processed

Plasma Membrane

made out of phospholipids In all cells, it controls what goes in and out of the cell, maintains homeostasis.

Cell wall

In all prokaryotes and plant cells - it is important for cell structure and and shape, it offers protection.

Nucleus

In all Eukaryotic cells, Houses the cells DNA, controls the activities

Mitochondria

All Eukaryotic cells Makes ATP and controls cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Only in plant cells, makes sugar and is involved in photosynthesis

Ribosomes

Makes protein - is in all cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Only in Eukaryotic cells, has many folds, helps materials get around processes molecules and there is more the one type.

Smooth ER

farther from the nucleus, no bound ribosomes

synthesizes lipids

Rough ER

Closer to the nucleus, covered in ribosomes

Compartmentalizes the cell, synthesizes proteins, strucutral support

Golgi Appartus

Assembles items from the ER, modifies them sorts and packages them, found in Eukaryotes.

Endomembrane system

from the ribosomes in the nucleus, to the ER, to vesticle, to the golgi apparatus, to the vesisticle again to be taken to the plasma membrane

Vesticles

Only in eurkaryotic cells; tramsports materials between organells

Cytoplasm

In all Eukaryotic cells Supports cell organelles, helps hold internal parts of cell in place, stores molecules for cellular processes.

Vacuoles

Is in all Eukaryotic cells Not in Prokaryote, stores materials, manages waste and provides structure support.

Food Vacuoles

in animal protist cells; fuses with lysosomes to contain undigested food

Contractile Vacuoles

protists cells; pumps excess water out of cell

Central Vacuoles

plant cells; mainly stores materials deposties metabolic byproducts

Lysosomes

Contains enzymes that break down substances not in prokaryotes. Only in plant cells

Cristae

part of the mitochondria; folds of the inner membrane

Stroma

part of chloroplasts; the fluid

Endosymbiosis theory

theory of why mitochondria and chlorplasts are in eukaryotic cells

Hypertonic

Water leaves cell; high solute inside cell

Hypotonic

water enter cell; low solute inside cell

solvent

doing the dissolving

solute

being dissolved

Water potential

Predicts where the water will move next

Symbiosis

mutualism; both parties are benefiting

Thylakoids

part of chloroplasts; the membraneous sac where ATP

Grana

part of chloroplasts; made of thylakoids

Matrix

Part of the mitochondria; the fluid

4 structures that all cells have

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA

Active Transport

The movement of particles from low to high concentration, uses ATP

Passive transport

Movement of high to low particles dosen’t use ATP

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Forms of active transport Endocytosis is bringing things from inside of the cell to outside of the cell. Exocytosis exctrete substances outside the cell like throwing up.

Diffusion

Movement of energy from high to low concentration, moves with the flow - the concentration gradient

Osmosis

Exact same as diffusion but with water, water will move in direction where there is a lower concentration of water (and therefore more solute)

Homeostasis

Healthy, normal balanced state

How does cellular transport help maintain homeostasis

Because it helps movement around the cell, helping to create balance, makes sure everything runs smoothly.

Hypo tonic

Hypo means less solute, the cell gets bigger - more molecules outside then inside

Hypertonic

More solute, cell is smaller

Isotonic

Ideal outcome, it is balanced, same concentration of water and solute.

Membrane Phospholipid function

creates a selectively permeable membrane

Are virsus alive

No they are not alive, they cannot reproduce by themselves, according to cell theory all living things come from cells and virus do not.

Can viruses replicate by themselves

No, they need a host cell.

Lytic cycle

The lytic cycle is when a virus attaches itself to the host cell and overwhelms it right away injecting its DNA/RNA, quickly making new copies of the virus.

Lysogenic cycle

Lysogenic cycle is when the virus injects its genetic material, but only enough so that it can hide itself within the host cells genetic material, then makes copies, this is a slower process.

What is the purpose of the capsid in a virus

It protects DNA/RNA, it is a protein coat

A virus is bigger/smaller then a cell

Much smaller

The Cytoskeleton (inside the cell)

network of proteins that extends throughout the cell

Microtube(large tube)

part of the cytoskeleton; polymer of tublin protein

InIntermediate Filament

Multiple strands of fibrous protein tied together

Cilia and Flagella+function

extentions of cytoskeleton proteins

function is moving the cell

(Micro) Actin Filament; thin

Part of cytoskeleton; only in eukaryotic cells

The fluid mosaic model + function

Phospholipid bi-layer with proteins

function is boundary, transport of materials and communication for cell

membrane phospholipids

phosphate attached to glycerol +2 fatty acids; amphipathic

Membrane phospholipid function

Amphipathic

Molecule that is polar and nonpolar

Cholesterol+function and structure

steroid lipid; temperature buffer

Cytoskeleton functions

structural support, cell shape, regulation of cell, organelle mobility

Do viruses have DNA/RNA

yes

Do viruses have a nucleus

No.