AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Flashcards for reviewing unit two of AP human geography.

Physical factors

Natural elements that make up a place, such as the climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources.

Human factors

Various economic, cultural, historical, and political aspects of a place.

Population distribution

The spread of people in an area.

Population density

The amount of people in an area.

Arithmetic density

Dividing the total number of individuals living in an area by the total land area of the geographic area.

Physiological density

Measures the pressure that a population exerts on the environment to feed the population.

Agricultural density

Shows the level of efficiency of agricultural production in an area and the degree of reliance on human labor versus technology.

Population composition

Refers to the various demographic characteristics of a population, including factors like age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and also occupation.

Y axis of a population pyramid

Represents different age ranges or cohorts.

X axis of a population pyramid

Represents the amount of people, which is either shown as an exact number or is presented as a percent.

Pre reproductive years

Consists of individuals who are between the ages of zero to 14.

Reproductive years

Consists of individuals who are between the ages of 15 to 44.

Post reproductive years

Consists of people who are 45 years and above.

Sex ratio

Shows us the ratio of males to females in a population.

Dependency ratio

The people in our society that cannot work, children 1-14 and anybody over the age of 65

Crude birth rate

Represents the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population within a given year.

Crude death rate

Represents the number of deaths per 1,000 people in population within a given year.

Natural increase rate

Shows us a rate of the population growth or decline in a society.

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have.

Infant mortality rate

The total number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Stage one of the demographic transition model

Characterized by a high CBR and CDR resulting in a low NIR.

Stage two of the demographic transition model

Continue to have a high CBR,However, their CDR starts to decrease, resulting in a significant increase in their NIR.

Stage three of the demographic transition model

CBR decline and their CDR continues to decrease as well, makes their NIR more moderate.

Stage four of the demographic transition model

Have a low CVR, low CDR and also a low to flat NIR.

Stage 4 of the DTM

Characterized by a low CBR, a low CDR, and a negative NIR.

Epidemiologic transition model

Focuses on the causes of death for each stage of the demographic transition model.

Malthusian theory

Argued that while society's population would continue to grow exponentially, its ability to produce food would only increase at an arithmetic rate.

Thanos (Neo Malthusian)

Killing half of the world's population was the solution to this problem.

Pronatalist policies

Designed to encourage people to have more children and larger families.

Antinatalist policy

Seek to reduce the amount of births in a society.

Maternal mortality rate

Annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

Most migration happens for economic reasons and is often undertaken by young adults.

Gravity model

Based on the assumption that migration flows are influenced by the population size and distance between the migrants origin and destination.

Brain drain

Skilled labor leaves a geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunity.

Pull factors

Positive conditions, events, and factors that attract people to a particular geographic location.

Push factors

Negative conditions, events, and factors that motivate people to leave their current geographic location.

Emigration

Moving out of a place.

Immigration

Moving into a place.

Intervening obstacles

Negative situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination.

Intervening opportunities

Positive situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination.

Forced migration

The migrant has no choice but to migrate.

Refugees

Forced to leave their home country and have crossed an international border in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disasters.

Voluntary migration

Choose to leave their current location on their own free will.

Transnational migration

Leave their country of origin and seek residence in a different state.

Chain migration

A type of migration that is part of a country's family reunification policy.

Step migration

Occurs in stages where migrants make stops at different locations before reaching their final destination.

Guest workers

Temporarily migrate to a new country for work or for educational reasons.

Transhuman's migration

Cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock between two different locations.

Rule to urban migration

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Intra regional migration

Movement of people within a particular region. For example, a person moving from an urban area to a suburban area.

Inter regional migration

Movement of people between different regions. For example, if I move from the Midwest to The United States down to the Southeast Of The United States.