AP World 1.1

How did Song rulers maintain and justify their power?

Confucianism, imperial bureaucracy,

What did Confucianism teach?

Human society is hierarchical by nature, which is to say, society was composed of unequal relationships.

How could harmony be achieved according to Confucianism?

The greater entities should treat the lesser entities with concern and the lesser entities should obey their superiors.

What is filial piety?

The practice of honoring ones ancestors and parents.

Why did Chinese emperors enforce filial piety?

They thought that if people could respect their dead ansectors and their alive elders, it would be good training for respecting the emperor.

When did Confucianism fall?

With the fall of the Han Dynasty

When did Confucianism experience a revival?

During the Tang Dynasty and into the Song.

What was the revived form of Confucianism called?

Neo-Confucianism

What made Neo-Confucianism new?

The influence of Buddhist and Daoist philosophical ideas.

Neo-Confucianism demonstrated _______ and ________

historical continuity, innovation

Why did Song rules use Neo-Confucianism?

To maintain and justify their rule.

Under the system of Confucianism, women were relegated to the _________ position in the hiearchy

subordinate

What are some examples that show the women’s subordinate position in Song China?

Women’s legal rights were restricted, their property became their husbands, and if a woman was widowed or divorced she couldn’t remarry

What was the most dramatic example of female subordination in Song China?

Foot binding

What is foot binding?

the feet of young girls were broken and bound up tightly for a period of time until their foot was much smaller than before.

How did footbinding show elite status?

Because if your wife couldn’t walk, she couldn’t perform manual labor, which meant you were wealthy enough to hire servants

What is bureaucracy?

a governmental administration that carries out the will of the emperor.

What is the purpose of a bureaucracy?

To make sure everyone obeys the emperor.

How did men get a job in the bureaucracy?

the civil service exam

How did the civil service exam help to maintain and justify the power of Song rulers?

Ensured that the bureaucracy was staffed with only the most qualified men which increased the competency and efficiency of bureaucratic tasks

Korean emperors maintained a ________ relationship with China

tributary

What is a tributary relationship? (Korea to China)

Korean officials would visit China, sometimes giving gifts, acknowledging China’s supremacy. This allowed them to maintain and friendly political and economical relationship.

Similarities between China and Korea

Korea used a similar civil service exam, they adopted many Confucian principles which organized their family structure, and they even went further than China in marginalizing the role of women. (Mostly applied to elite of Korea)

Chinese influence on Japan was ________ because _________

voluntary, they didn’t have the threat of being invaded

Examples of Chinese influence on Japan

imperial bureaucracy, buddhism, writing system.

Chinese influence on Vietnam

Elite members adopted - confucianism, buddhism, literary techniques, tribute system, civil service exam

Difference of women in Vietnam vs China

women were treated better in Vietnam. Higher view of women can be seen through Vietnamese deities being women and a women version of the Buddha

What practice did Vietnam, Japan, and Korea not adopt from China?

Foot binding

What are the Buddhist beliefs?

The four noble truths and the eightfold path.

Theravada Buddhism

restricted to monks

Mahayana Buddhism

emphasized that buddhist teachings were for all, emphasized compassion, made the buddha into an object of devotion

Tibetan Buddhism

Emphasized more mystical practice like lying prostate, and elaborate imaginings of deities

What was the Chinese form of buddhism called?

Chan buddhism

Why was the Song Economy so prosperous (Commercialization)

China produced more goods then needed to survive and sold the excess in the world market

What innovations came because of Chinas commercialization

Paper money, credit, and promissory notes

Why was the Song Economy so prosperous (Iron/Steel)

Enough steel was produced for suits of armor, coins, and tools needed for agriculture

Why was the Song Economy so prosperous (Agricultural innovation)

Significant innovations included: Iron plows, rakes, and Champa rice

Benefits of Champa Rice

Drought resistant, could be harvested twice a year (doubled agricultural output)

Effect of Champa rice

More babies (Population go boom)

Why was the Song Economy so prosperous (Transportation)

Expanded grand canal (connected yellow and Yangzi rivers which made trade among regions cheaper)

Magnetic Compass

Improved navigation in water and facilitated trade amongst different regions

New ship building techniques

Junk ships were improved with water type bulk hear and stern mounted rudders which made navigation more accurate which led to more trade among various regions