Bacterial Meningitis and Anthrax

Bacterial Meningitis

life-threatening infection of the meninges caused by bacterial pathogens

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

2. Neisseria meningitidis

3. Haemophilus influenzae type B

4. Listeria monocytogenes

BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

1. Most common in adults

2. Common in young adults and outbreaks

3. Common in unvaccinated children

4. in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised

5

Bacterial Meningitis highest in children under _____ years and elderly

Bacterial Meningitis

• Bacteria colonize the nasopharynx, invade the bloodstream, and cross the blood- brain barrier

• Leads to inflammation, increased intracranial pressure (ICP), and neuronal damage.

• Brain edema

• hydrocephalus

• septic shock

• neurological sequelae (hearing loss, cognitive impairment).

Major Complications of Bacterial Meningitis (4)

Fever

Neck Stiffness

Altered Mental Status

Bacterial Meningitis Classic Triad

Bacterial Meningitis

An infection of the membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.

• During Childbirth

• Coughing or sneezing

• Sharing Saliva

• Eating contaminated food

How does it spread? (4)

• Meningococcal vaccine (MenACEY and MenB)

• Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV15 or PCV20)

• Haemophilus influenzae serotype B (Hib) Vaccines

• Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCg) vaccine

Bacterial Meningitis Vaccine (4)

Meningococcal vaccine (MenACEY and MenB)

Helps protect against N. meningitidis

Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV15 or PCV20)

Help protect against S. pneumoniae

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCg) vaccine

Helps protect against tuberculosis disease, but is not widely used in the United States.

• Lumbar Puncture and CSF

• Gram stain and culture

• Blood culture

• CT scan

Diagnostic Test (4)

↑ WBCs (neutrophilic predominance)

↓ Glucose

↑ Protein

Bacterial meningitis CSF findings (3)

• Adults: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin (for S. pneumoniae resistance)

• Infants: Ampicillin + Cefotaxime (for Listeria coverage)

• Immunocompromised: Add Ampicillin (covers Listeria monocytogenes)

• Steroids (Dexamethasone): Reduces inflammation and risk of

  neurological complications.

Management

1. Adults

2. Infants

3. Immunocompromised

4. Steroids

Mass Chemoprophylaxis (Rifam or Cipro)

Public Awareness campaign

Strengthening Infection Control

DOH Guidelines for Outbreak Management: (3)

Anthrax

Caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium.

Anthrax

Spread through contact with infected animals, contaminated

animal products, or inhalation of spores.

Agricultural regions (e.g.,Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon).

Anthrax is common in

Public Health Threat

Anthrax was classified by DOF as a

Cutaneous Anthrax

Most Common

Painless Black Eschar

Local edema and Lymphadenopathy

Inhalational Anthrax

Most Severe

Flu-like symptoms progressing to severe respiratory distress, shock, and death.

Gastrointestinal Anthrax

Severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting.

Injection Anthrax

Occurs in drug users (rare).

• Culture and Gram stain of lesion, blood, or sputum

• PCR or ELISA to detect anthrax toxin

• Chest X-ray/CT scan

Anthrax Diagnosis (3)

Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline (60 days)

Anthrax Management

First line Antibiotics

Raxibacumab (severe cases)

Antitoxin therapy

60-day antibiotic therapy + Anthrax vaccine.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis