Cell Wall/Envelope and Inflammation Responses

Flashcards covering key concepts related to cell walls, inflammation responses, immune responses, and microbial interactions based on lecture notes.

Absence or differences in O antigens may alter __.

adherence and interaction with other cell types or tissues, ability to be phagocytized, ability to be killed by host complement or bile salts.

The core region of lipopolysaccharides contains a variety of __.

sugars, e.g., glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine.

Lipid A directly damages __ and is responsible for toxic effects.

mammalian cell membranes.

Endotoxin is defined as a bacterial toxin that is __ part of the bacterial cell.

a structural.

Two major physiological responses induced by endotoxins in animals are and .

Innate Immune Response, Acquired Immune response.

Exotoxins are typically __, while endotoxins are __.

heat labile, heat stable.

In the inflammatory response, __ is caused by cytokines causing blood vessels to dilate.

calor.

Chemotaxis attracts phagocytes to the site of __ and tissue damage.

microbial infection.

Macrophages may either migrate or become __ in certain tissues.

fixed.

Fever is an important non-specific host defense as it can __ invading microbes.

kill or inhibit.

The adherence of the pathogen to the phagocyte induces __.

ingestion.

Pus formation at sites of inflammation is due to collections of dead __ and tissue debris.

phagocytes.

The initial inflammatory response recruits __ and leads to phagocytosis.

phagocytes.

Cytokines secreted by infected tissues can lead to the sensation of __.

pain.

The inflammatory response protects the organism from __.

infection.

If the inflammatory response is not controlled, it can lead to __ and organ failure.

shock.