Procedures 1: Chapter 1 PPT Diagram | Quizlet

Osteology

the study of bones

Anthrology

the study of joints

206

the number of separate bones in the adult skeletal system

Sesamoid Bones

small, round/oval-shaped bones embedded in certain tendons, mostly found near joints. NOT counted as part of the normal axial or appendicular skeleton, except for the patellae (the largest of this kind of bone)

Bone shape classifications

long, short, flat, irregular

Long Bones

consist of a body (shaft) and two ends or extremities; supports weight and movement; femur, tibia, humerus, radius

Short Bones

found only in wrists and ankles; roughly cuboidal (cubic in shape); nearly equal in length, width, and thickness; ex: 8 carpal bones in a wrist & 7 tarsal bones in a foot

Flat Bones

thin, flat, and often curved bones; provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment; ex- skull bones, sternum, ribs, & scapulae

Irregular Bones

any bone with a peculiar shape; ex- vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, pelvis bones; protects internal organs, give support, muscle attachment

Classification of Joints

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Synarthrosis

immovable joint; stationary (skull)

Amphiarthrosis

joint with limited movement; ex: pubic sythesis

Diarthrosis

freely moveable joint (think Dancing)

(eg, elbow, knee, fingers, etc)

Body Habitus

the build, physique, and general shape of the human body

Classifications of Body Habitus

sthenic, hyposthenic, hypersthenic, asthenic

Sthenic

body shape considered average in shape and internal organ location; approximately 50% of the population

Hyposthenic

thin body style; approximately 35% of the population

Asthenic

very thin or slender patient with long and narrow body build; approxiamately 10% of the population

Hypersthenic

massive body style with a large and broad frame; approximately 5% of the population: "the hulk" appearance

Radiography

the process and procedures of producing a radiograph to help doctors diagnose and treat a variation of medical conditions

Radiograph

an image of a patient's anatomic part(s) produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor (bones absorb more x-rays appearing white)

Image Receptor (IR)

the device that captures the radiographic image that exits the patient

Central Ray (CR)

refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube; "bull's eye" of the x-ray beam

Anatomic position

an upright position with arms abducted slightly (down), hands by side with palms forward, and head and feet together and directed straight ahead

4 Common Planes in Medical Imaging

sagittal, coronal, horizontal (axial), oblique

Plane

a straight line surface connecting 2 points

Sagittal Plane

any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts; parallel to the midsagittal/median plane

Midsagittal/Median Plane

a midline sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right parts

Coronal Plane

any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts' passes through the coronal suture of the skull; any plane parallel to the midcoronal or frontal plane

Midcoronal Plane

Divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

Horizontal (axial) Plane

any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique Plane

a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or a slant; NOT parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane

Posterior/Dorsal

refers to the back half of the patient, or the part of the body seen when the person is viewed from the back (includes the bottoms of feet & the backs of hands when in the anatomic position)

Anterior/Ventral

refers to the front half of the patient, or the part seen when viewed from the front (includes the tops of the feet and the palms of the hands when in the anatomic position)

Plantar

refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot

Palmer

refers to the palm of the hand; in the anatomic position, the same as the anterior or ventral surface of the hand

Dorsal (foot)

foot: refers to the top or anterior surface (dorsum pedis); hand: refers to the back or posterior aspect of the hand (dorsum manus)

Radiographic Projections

the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient, projecting and image onto the image receptor (IR)

Posteroanterior (PA) Projection

refers to a projection of the CR from posterior to anterior; the CR enters at the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface

Anteroposterior (AP) Projection

projection of CR from anterior to posterior; the CR enters at an anterior surface and exits at a posterior surface

AP Oblique Projection

A projection of a body part that is rotated, shot anterior to posterior (should also contain a qualifying "medial" or "lateral" term); CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface of the body part

PA Oblique Projection

A projection of a body part that is rotated, shot posterior to anterior (should also contain a qualifying "medial" or "lateral" term); CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body part

Mediolateral Projection

CR enters the medial aspect and exits the lateral aspect

Lateromedial Projection

CR enters the lateral aspect and exits the medial aspect

Supine

patient lying on back and facing upward

Prone

patient lying on abdomen and facing downward; *head may be turned to one side

Erect

patient in an upright position; to stand or sit erect

Recumbent

lying down in any position (prone, supine, or on side)

Dorsal Recumbent

lying on back (supine)

Ventral Recumbent

lying face down (prone)

Lateral Recumbent

lying on side (right or left lateral)

Trendelenburg

a recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet; *position is sometimes beneficial if your patient is experiencing dizziness

Fowler

recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet

Sims

recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back (semiprone position); typical position for barium enema

Lithotomy

a recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports; *this position is seen frequently in the surgical suite for certain urinary studies

Lateral Position

the body part closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits; always 90 degrees or perpendicular to a true AP or PA projection

Decubitus (Decub) Position

patient laying down; always performed with the CR horizontal; body position is designated according to the surface on which the patient is lying; patient lying on one of the following body surfaces- back (dorsal), front (ventral), or side (right or left lateral)

Oblique Position

refers to an angled position; positions of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis are described by the body part closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits; NOT 90 degrees or perpendicular

Left & Right Posterior Oblique Positions (LPO & RPO)

the specific oblique positions in which the left or right posterior aspect of the body is the closest to the IR

Left & Right Anterior Oblique Positions (LAO & RAO)

positions in which the left or right anterior aspect of the body is closest to the IR and can be erect or recumbent general body positions

Axial Projection

any angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body or body part

Inferosuperior Axial Projection

Central ray enters inferiorly and exits superiorly

Superoinferior Axial Projection

CR enters above or superiorly and exits below or inferiorly

Tangential Projection

touching a curve or surface at only one point; the CR skims a body part to project the anatomy into profile free of superimposition of surrounding body structures

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Cephalad

toward the head (superior)

Caudad

away from the head (inferior)

Cephalad Angle

any angle toward the head

Caudad Angle

any angle away from the head

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

increases the angle of a joint

hyperextension

extension of a joint beyond anatomical position

Dorsiflexion of foot

To decrease the angle (flex) between the dorsum (top of foot) and the lower leg, moving foot and toes upward

Plantar Flexion of Foot

Extending the ankle joint, moving foot and toes downward from the normal position; flexing or decreasing the angle toward the posterior surface

Eversion

an outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint

Inversion

an inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg

Valgus Stress

describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced outward from the midline of the body

Varus Stress

describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced inward toward the midline of the body

Medial Rotation

rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the inside/median plane

Lateral Rotation

a rotation of an anterior body part toward the outside, or away from the median plane

Abduction

the lateral movement of the arm or leg away from the body

Adduction

a movement of arm or leg toward the body, draw toward a center or medial line

Supination

a rotational movement of the hand into the anatomic position (palm up in supine position or forward in erect position); "SUPINE"

Pronation

a rotation of the hand into the opposite of the anatomic position (palm down or back); "PRONE"

Rotate

to turn or rotate a body part on its axis

Tilt

a slanting or tilting movement with respect to the long axis

Position

used to indicate the patient's general physical position, such as supine, prone, recumbent, or erect; also described by the body part closest to the IR

Projection

a correct positioning term that describes or refers to the path or direction of the CR, projecting an image onto an IR

Types of markers on every radiographic image

1. patient identification & date

2. Anatomic side markers

Anatomic Side Marker

must be placed prior to exposure to indicate the patient's left or right side or which limb is being radiographed; need to be placed on the IR inside the lateral portion of the collimated border of the part being x-rayed; marking after image processing is considered unacceptable practice

1st General Rule for Determining Positioning Routines

Minimum of 2 projections taken as near to 90 degrees from each other

Exceptions due to only one projection providing adequate information: AP portable chest, single AP abdomen (KUB), and AP pelvis

Reasons for minimum of two projections (3)

1. superimposition of anatomic structures

2. localization of lesions or foreign bodies

3. determination of alignment of fractures

2nd General Rule for Determining Positioning Routines

All radiographic procedures of the skeletal system involving joints require a minimum of 3 projections (AP/PA, Lateral, & Oblique)

Reasoning: there are multiple surfaces and angles of the bones making up the joint, and a small oblique chip fracture or other abnormality within the joint space may not be visual on the AP/PA & lateral views, but may be seen on the oblique view

exams that generally requires three projections as routine

fingers

toes

hand

wrist

elbow

ankle

foot

knee

exams that generally require two projections as routine

forearm

humerus

femur

hips

tibia-fibula

chest

Topographic (Bony) Landmarks

found on a patient through palpatation; important for the technologist to be able to position the body parts correctly

Palpation

process of applying light pressure with the fingertips directly on the patient to locate positioning landmarks; always inform the patient of the purpose of palpitations and gain permission