🛢️ Oilseeds and Co-Products

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Last updated 12:47 AM on 9/19/26

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16 Terms

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Oilseeds and Co-Products

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Oilseeds

Soybean
• Glycine max

Rapeseed – Canola/Colza
• Brassica napus var. napus

Indian/Brown Mustard – Juncea Canola
• Brassica juncea

Sunflower
• Helianthus annus

Safflower
• Carthamus tinctorius

Peanut
• Arachis hypogaea L

Cottonseed
• Gossypium hirsutum

Palm Oilseed (Kernel)
• Elaeis guineensis

Copra – Coconut
• Cocos nucifera L

<p><strong>Soybean</strong><br> • <em>Glycine max</em></p><p><strong>Rapeseed – Canola/Colza</strong><br> • <em>Brassica napus</em> var. <em>napus</em></p><p><strong>Indian/Brown Mustard – Juncea Canola</strong><br> • <em>Brassica juncea</em></p><p><strong>Sunflower</strong><br> • <em>Helianthus annus</em></p><p><strong>Safflower</strong><br> • <em>Carthamus tinctorius</em></p><p><strong>Peanut</strong><br> • <em>Arachis hypogaea</em> L</p><p><strong>Cottonseed</strong><br> • <em>Gossypium hirsutum</em></p><p><strong>Palm Oilseed (Kernel)</strong><br> • <em>Elaeis guineensis</em></p><p><strong>Copra – Coconut</strong><br> • <em>Cocos nucifera</em> L</p>

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Worldwide oilseed production in 2021/2022, by type

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Top Soybean Producing Countries

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Soybean Production in Ontario

Production
• Soybeans are the largest row crop by acreage in Ontario
• Over 1.2 million ha of soybeans are grown annually in Ontario

Reasons for Widespread Adoption
• Development of early-maturing varieties
• Adaptability to no-till production
• Wide selection of herbicides
• Relatively low cost of production

Soybean Varieties
• Glyphosate (Roundup)-tolerant varieties → about 75% of the crop
• Remaining crop → non-GMO (genetically modified organism)

Specialty Soybeans
• Demand for identity-preserved (IP) soybeans has created new marketing opportunities
• Examples → food grade, non-GMO, organic, etc.
• Expands beyond traditional uses of soybeans for oil production and livestock feed

Ontario Soybean Industry
• Ontario is recognized worldwide for its identity-preserved (IP) soybean industry
• Soybeans are Ontario’s largest agricultural export commodity

<p><strong>Production</strong><br> • Soybeans are the <strong>largest row crop by acreage</strong> in Ontario<br> • Over <strong>1.2 million ha</strong> of soybeans are grown annually in Ontario</p><p><strong>Reasons for Widespread Adoption</strong><br> • Development of <strong>early-maturing varieties</strong><br> • Adaptability to <strong>no-till production</strong><br> • Wide selection of <strong>herbicides</strong><br> • Relatively <strong>low cost of production</strong></p><p><strong>Soybean Varieties</strong><br> • <strong>Glyphosate (Roundup)-tolerant varieties</strong> → about <strong>75%</strong> of the crop<br> • Remaining crop → <strong>non-GMO (genetically modified organism)</strong></p><p><strong>Specialty Soybeans</strong><br> • Demand for <strong>identity-preserved (IP) soybeans</strong> has created new marketing opportunities<br> • Examples → <strong>food grade, non-GMO, organic</strong>, etc.<br> • Expands beyond traditional uses of soybeans for <strong>oil production and livestock feed</strong></p><p><strong>Ontario Soybean Industry</strong><br> • Ontario is recognized worldwide for its <strong>identity-preserved (IP) soybean industry</strong><br> • Soybeans are Ontario’s <strong>largest agricultural export commodity</strong></p>

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Rapeseed

Brassica Family
• Includes kale, turnips, mustard, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli

Rapeseed
• Can be grown in much cooler climates than soybeans
• Predecessor to canola

Erucic Acid
• High in erucic acid (20:1 n-9)
• Desirable fatty acid for industrial applications → e.g. lubricants
• Can cause heart problems in animals

Glucosinolates
• High levels of glucosinolates
• Affect the thyroid
• Can cause goiter

<p><strong>Brassica Family</strong><br> • Includes <strong>kale, turnips, mustard, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and broccoli</strong></p><p><strong>Rapeseed</strong><br> • Can be grown in <strong>much cooler climates</strong> than soybeans<br> • <strong>Predecessor to canola</strong></p><p><strong>Erucic Acid</strong><br> • High in <strong>erucic acid (20:1 n-9)</strong><br> • Desirable fatty acid for <strong>industrial applications</strong> → e.g. <strong>lubricants</strong><br> • Can cause <strong>heart problems in animals</strong></p><p><strong>Glucosinolates</strong><br> • High levels of <strong>glucosinolates</strong><br> • Affect the <strong>thyroid</strong><br> • Can cause <strong>goiter</strong></p>

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Canola

Development
• Cultivar of rapeseed developed in Canada in the 1970s
• Canola = abbreviation of “Canadian Oil”
• “Canola: A Canadian Success Story”
• Europeans have developed similar cultivars → double-zero rapeseed

Importance in Canada
• Important Canadian crop
• 2nd most important crop

Low Erucic Acid and Glucosinolates
• Low in erucic acid and glucosinolates (goitrogen)
• Goitrogen → substance that can affect the thyroid and cause goiter
• Strict definition of canola oil → less than 2% erucic acid
• Seed → less than 30 μmol of glucosinolates per gram of air-dried, oil-free meal

Fatty Acid Composition
• Considered a heart-friendly oil
• Only 7% saturated fatty acids
• Rich in PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), notably n-3 PUFA
• Oleic acid → 61%
• Linoleic acid → 21%
• Linolenic acid → 11%
• Only flax is higher in 18:3 → about 50% of this fatty acid

<p><strong>Development</strong><br> • <strong>Cultivar of rapeseed</strong> developed in <strong>Canada in the 1970s</strong><br> • Canola = abbreviation of <strong>“Canadian Oil”</strong><br> • <strong>“Canola: A Canadian Success Story”</strong><br> • Europeans have developed similar cultivars → <strong>double-zero rapeseed</strong></p><p><strong>Importance in Canada</strong><br> • Important <strong>Canadian crop</strong><br> • <strong>2nd most important crop</strong></p><p><strong>Low Erucic Acid and Glucosinolates</strong><br> • Low in <strong>erucic acid</strong> and <strong>glucosinolates (goitrogen)</strong><br> • <strong>Goitrogen</strong> → substance that can affect the thyroid and cause goiter<br> • Strict definition of canola oil → <strong>less than 2% erucic acid</strong><br> • Seed → <strong>less than 30 μmol of glucosinolates per gram</strong> of air-dried, oil-free meal</p><p><strong>Fatty Acid Composition</strong><br> • Considered a <strong>heart-friendly oil</strong><br> • Only <strong>7% saturated fatty acids</strong><br> • Rich in <strong>PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids)</strong>, notably <strong>n-3 PUFA</strong><br> • <strong>Oleic acid</strong> → 61%<br> • <strong>Linoleic acid</strong> → 21%<br> • <strong>Linolenic acid</strong> → 11%<br> • Only <strong>flax</strong> is higher in 18:3 → about <strong>50%</strong> of this fatty acid</p>

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Sunflower

Ukraine
• The blue and yellow of Ukraine’s flag represent the country’s role as Europe’s breadbasket
• Blue → skies over the vast land
• Yellow → grain growing in the huge wheat fields beneath

<p><strong>Ukraine</strong><br> • The <strong>blue and yellow</strong> of Ukraine’s flag represent the country’s role as <strong>Europe’s breadbasket</strong><br> • <strong>Blue</strong> → skies over the vast land<br> • <strong>Yellow</strong> → grain growing in the huge <strong>wheat fields</strong> beneath</p>

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Crude Protein and Crude Lipids Contents of Oilseeds

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Crushing of Oilseeds

Goal
• Goal → extract oil from the seeds

Seed Processing
• Seeds/beans are cleaned, dehulled, and crushed into flakes
• Oil is removed from the flakes using:
• Screw press (expeller)
• Organic solvent → typically hexane
• Extracted oil can be:
• Further processed for human nutrition
• Used as is → e.g. crude soybean oil in animal nutrition

Defatted Flakes
• Defatted soybean flakes are called white flakes
• Generally heat treated (toasted) with steam
• Heating degrades heat-labile anti-nutritional factors → factors that are sensitive to heat
• Flakes are then ground into a meal → e.g. soybean meal