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Trial of John Peter Zenger
first time jury interpreted the law: told the truth so he did not commit libel
Ben Franklin
first practical use of fourth estate: covers Pennsylvania legislature for free
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal
a statement of opinion may constitute libel if sufficiently factual to be proven true or false
absolute privilege
public officials cannot recover damages for a report related to official duties unless proven actual malice
AP v Walker
actual malice test applied to all public figures
Actual Malice Test
test for libel: reporter knows information is false or shows a reckless disregard for the truth
Gertz v Welch
if a person does not thrust themselves into public spotlight through promotion or circumstance, they are a private individual
Saturday Evening Post
how often a publication publishes affects their expectation of accuracy
Gross negligence test
NYT's actual malice test
