Psych Lap 2 Test

Nervous systems

Central: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral: somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic stem from the autonomic)

Interneurons: Sensory and Motor

Sensory Afferent neurons → to the spine

Motor Efferent neurons → from the spine

Spinal Reflex

• spinal cord acts alone

• receives sensory Afferent message

• sends motor Efferent message

• brain gets message AFTER action

Somatic Nervous System

• soma = body

• skeletal/striated muscles

• conscious control

Autonomic Nervous System

• involuntary

• non-skeletal muscles

• sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic nervous system

• STRESS

catabolic - expends energy

• pupils dialte

• bronchi relax

• increases heart rate

• inhibits digestion

• contracts blood vessels

parasympathetic nervous system

• PEACE

anabolic - stores energy

• contracts pupils

• bronchi constricts

• slows heart rate

• stimulates digestion

• dilates blood vessels

return to homeostasis

Synapse: Neuron

• The neuron receives nerve impulses through its dendrites. It then send the nerve impulse through its axon to the terminal buttons where neurotransmitters are released to stimulate other neurons.

• The neuron communicates electrochemically

• It converts chemical energy to electrical energy to chemical energy

The transmission of information from one neuron to another (Halloween)

1. synthesis of neurotransmitter and formation of vesicles

2. transport of neurotransmitter down axon

3. release of neurotransmitter

4. interaction of neurotransmitter with receptor, exciting or inhibiting post-synaptic neuron

5. separation of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors

6. reuptake of neurotransmitter to be recycled

7. Vesticles without neurostransmitter teleported back to cell body

major neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh)

• memory in hippocampus

• movement - PNS

• blocked in Alzheimer’s patients

• excitatory

major neurotransmitters: Dopamine

• movement

• attention

• learning

• pleasure - cocaine blocks reuptake

• too little - Parkinson’s disease

• too much - Schizophrenia

major neurotransmitters: Serotonin

• arousal

• sleep

• mood

• appetite

• LSD inhibits Serotonin (waking sleep)

major neurotransmitters: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

• inhibits axons-increasing threshold of excitation

• linked to seizures

major neurotransmitters: Glutamate

• excitatory NT; linked to memory

• excess can produce migraines (MSG-migraines)

hindbrain: medulla oblongata

necessary for survival controls:

• heartbeat

• respiration

• swallowing

• digestion

*remember medal - medals hang over your heart and lungs

hindbrain: pons “the bridge”

• bridge or relay

• sleep

• arousal

*remember pond - lying next to a pond relaxing

hindbrain: cerebellum “little brain”

• balance

• coordination

• much larger in animals as proportion of brain

*remember bell - athlete with a bell on their head trying to balance

midbrain and hindbrain: RAS - reticular activating system

• sleep

• arousal

• attention

• links to the hindbrain

*remember tickle - Freud lying down between patients → person comes along and tickles him → wake him up and make him alert

forebrain: cerebral cortex

• outer later of the brain

• 4 lobes

• somatosensory and motor cortex

• the bodys untimate control and information-processing center

*remember Texas hat - cerebral cortex is on the part on the outside of the brain

forebrain: hippocampus

• involved in learning and memory

*remember hippo compass - lost hippo uses his compass to help him remember how to get home (memory)

forebrain: amygdala

• anger

• aggression

• fear

• PTSD study: May be genetic precursor if amygdala is slow to “turn off”

*remember wig + dala - scary wig with dollars

forebrain: thalamus

• “relay center”

• sends sensory information to cerebral cortex (except smell)

• also linked to RAS for sleep and arousal

*remember Hal & Amos - tells signals coming up where to be processed in the brain

forebrain: hypothalamus

the 4 F’s

• food

• fight

• flight

• s3x (Knowt made me sensory it)

*remember hypo the llamas - give the llamas water → cooling down the body, regulating body temperature

lateral hypothalamus

ON - stimulates eating

ventromedical hypothalamus

OFF - stops

Hemispheres of the brain

left: language functions

• broca’s and wernicke’s areas

• broca - speak grammatically

• Wernicke - language comprehension

aphasia - language impairment

roger Sperry: split-brain

• severed corpus callosum in epileptic patients

• chimeric face study

  • verbally say right eye image

  • points to left eye image

four lobes of the brain

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

• occipital

frontal

higher level thinking

parietal

primary somatosensory cortex

temporal

audition (hearing)

occipital

vision

locations

• frontal - purple

• parietal - green

• occipital - red

• temporal - blue

• cerebellum - yellow

brain imaging: EEG - electroencephalogram

• measures brain wave activity

• ERPs (event-related potentials): minimize interference

brain imaging: CAT scan

• computerized axial tomography

• cross-sectional images of the brain

• uses x-rays

brain imaging: MRI

• magnetic resonance imaging

• uses magnetic field instead of x-rays

• fMRI-functional MRI, shows area of activity in the brain

brain imaging: PET scan

• positron emission tomography

• traces radioactive glucose

• shows brain functions, levels/areas of activity

endocrine system

• regulates growth, reproduction, metabolism and behavior

• controls glands

• releases hormones

• uses negative-feedback loop

adrenal glands

• secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

• fight or flight response

• controls 50 other steroids

  • resistance to stress

  • muscle development

• anabolic steroids (synthetic)

  • extreme aggression

  • mood swings

  • sterility

thyroid gland

• produces thyroxine

• too much - hyperthyroidism - weight loss, weak muscles

• too little - hypothyroidism - slow metabolism, weight gain

pituitary gland

• “master gland”

• regulates other endocrine glands

• controlled by the hypothalamus

• ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone - stress hormone

• begins “fight or flight” response

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia?

• wernicke’s area

After 3 hours of playing a physically exhausting professional tennis match, Chitra began to experience a sense of physical exhilaration and pleasure. It is likely that her feelings were more directly linked to…

• endorphins

The reticular formation is located in the…

• brainstem

The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable judging and planning, are called the…

• association areas

The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to…

• interneurons

The skeletal nervous system is a component of the ____ nervous system.

• peripheral

The secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the…

• hypothalamus

Sensory neurons are an important part of the…

• peripheral nervous system

Which part of the human brain is the most similar to the brain of a frog?

• the brainstem

Phineas Gage underwent a dramatic personality change after a tamping iron inflicted massive damage to his ____ lobe.

• frontal

The part of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as…

• broca’s area

The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobe.

• frontal

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glandular activity and the muscles of internal organs is called the…

• autonomic Nervous system

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into…

• the bloodstream

In order to identify which of Lucy;s brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive from of glucose and a…

• PET scan

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as…

• endorphins

The myelin sheath helps to increase the ____ of neural impulses.

• speed

Split-brain patients have had their ____ surgically cut.

• corpus callosum

The structure located stop the brainstem that directs messages to the brain’s sensory receiving areas is called the…

• thalamus

When the release of ACh is blocked by certain chemicals substances, the result is…

• paralysis

Heartbeat acceleration is to heartbeat deceleration as the ____ nervous system is to the ____ system.

• sympathetic; parasympathetic

An x-ray photograph of the brain is called a…

• CAT scan

Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel neural pathways than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of…

• synaptic gaps

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ____ glands.

• adrenal

The depolarization of a neural membrane creates an…

• action potential

Stimulation of the reticular formation will cause a…

• sleeping cat to awaken

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which…

• positively charged atoms are pumped back outside a neural membrane

The chemical messenger at every synaptic gap between a motor neuron and a muscle is…

• acetycholine

The right hemisphere is superior to the left at…

• recognizing peoples faces

A loss of physical coordination and balance is most likely to result from damage to the…

• cerebellum

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Allen’s occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Allen is most likely to suffer some loss of…

• visual perception

The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands is called the…

• axon

A neural impulse is generated only when excitatory minus inhibitory signals exceed a certain…

• threshold

The branching extensions of nerve cells that receive incoming signals from sensory receptors or from other neurons are called the…

• dendrites

The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person’s ability and traits is called…

• phrenology

Neural impulses may travel as rapidly as…

• 200 miles per hour

Increasing the intensity of a stimulus above the threshold will not similarly increase the intensity of a neural response to that stimulus. This highlights the nature of the…

• all-or-none response

The sensory cortex is located in the ____ lobe.

• parietal

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals on the...

• axon

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, Professor Brown should electrically stimulate the rat’s…

• amygdala