Chemistry Midterm

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space; can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.

Observation

The process of gathering information using your senses or instruments, based on factual data.

Assumption

A belief or judgment made without direct evidence; an idea accepted without proof.

Qualitative Observation

Describes qualities or characteristics that cannot be measured numerically, such as color or texture.

Quantitative Observation

Involves measurements or quantities expressed in numbers, like length or mass.

Intrinsic Properties

Properties that are inherent to the substance and do not depend on the amount or size of the material.

Extrinsic Properties

Properties that depend on the amount or size of the material.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

Volume

The amount of space an object or substance occupies, measured in liters (L) or cubic centimeters (cm³).

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

% Error

A way of comparing the difference between the measured value and the accepted value, calculated as (% Error = \frac{|Measured Value - Accepted Value|}{Accepted Value} \times 100).

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom, which determines the element type.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Ionic Bond

The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Alloy

A mixture of two or more elements, usually metals, created to modify properties of the base metal.

Periodic Table Arrangement

Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, with periods as horizontal rows and groups as vertical columns.

Electronic Configuration (E.C.)

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals around the nucleus.

Metal Properties

Good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile.

Non-metal Properties

Poor conductors of heat and electricity, often brittle and may exist in various states.