Lecture 7- Basic calculations

What are the 3 different names a drug can have?

Chemical, nonproprietary (generic), and proprietary (trade).

What is the chemical name of a drug?

The drug's chemical composition.

What is the nonproprietary/generic name?

A more concise name for the drug.

What is the proprietary/trade name?

A unique name given by the manufacturer.

How is a proprietary/trade name normally written?

Capitalized and followed by ® or ™.

What are examples of solid dosage forms?

Tablets, capsules, enteric-coated, sustained-release, and implants.

What are examples of semisolid dosage forms?

Suppositories, liniments, ointments, creams, and pastes.

What are examples of liquid dosage forms?

Syrups, elixirs, tinctures, and lotions.

Who can prescribe or order prescription drugs?

A licensed veterinarian/DVM.

What must exist before a prescription can be filled?

A valid client/patient relationship.

Can prescriptions have unlimited refills?

No.

How much medication should be dispensed?

Only the quantity needed.

What information should be on a prescription?

Prescriber information, date, owner information, Rx symbol, drug name/concentration, number of units, and client directions.

What additional number is required for a controlled substance?

The DEA number.

What owner information belongs on a prescription?

Owner's name, address, telephone number, and species.

What type of lids should medication containers have?

Childproof lids.

Why are individual syringes used?

They help people who are unable to accurately draw up the drug.

Why are envelopes a liability risk?

They can contribute to child poisoning.

What does a medication bottle usually come with?

A dropper or syringe.

What can extreme temperature or light do to drugs?

Degrade or inactivate them.

What happens to expired drugs?

They should not be used.

What can excessive vibration/shaking do to some drugs?

It can inactivate them.

What is an example of a drug affected by shaking?

Insulin.

What is a controlled drug?

A substance with potential for physical addiction, psychological addiction, and/or abuse.

How should controlled drugs be stored?

Under lock and key.

Who can access controlled drugs?

Authorized personnel only.

How should controlled drugs be labeled?

With a capital C.

What is required to obtain controlled drugs?

A DEA number.

What is the rule for C-II drugs?

They must be written and have no refills.

How long must records of controlled drug purchase, sale, and use be kept?

2 years.

What are ways a person can be exposed to toxic drugs?

Absorption through skin, inhalation, ingestion, or exposure while opening drugs.

What should you always wear when handling toxic drugs?

Gloves.

Why is chloramphenicol dangerous to humans?

It can cause irreversible and fatal aplastic anemia.

Who should NOT handle chloramphenicol?

Pregnant women.

What can chloramphenicol cause in babies?

Gray baby syndrome.

What are the 3 components of therapeutic drug administration?

Dose, interval dose, and route of administration.

What is dose?

The amount of drug given at one time.

What is interval dose?

The time interval between separate drug doses.

How is the interval dose commonly expressed?

Using Latin abbreviations.

What does total daily amount mean?

The amount administered during a 24-hour period.

What does SQ/SC mean?

Subcutaneous — under the skin.

What does IM mean?

Intramuscular — into the muscle.

What does IV mean?

Intravenous — into the vein.

What does ID mean?

Intradermal.

What does IA mean?

Intra-arterial.

What does IP mean?

Intraperitoneal.

What does PO mean?

Per os — by mouth.

What is topical administration?

Applying medication to a surface.

What does extravascular/perivascular mean?

Outside/around a blood vessel.

What are emetics?

Drugs that induce vomiting.

What are antiemetics?

Drugs that prevent vomiting.

What do antidiarrheals do?

Coat/protect the intestinal mucosa.

What do absorbents and protectants do?

Protect against bacterial endotoxins.

What do laxatives/lubricants/stool softeners do?

Stimulate elimination.

What do antacids do?

Reduce acidity of the stomach or rumen.

What do antiarrhythmics do?

Prevent abnormal electrical activity in the heart.

What do positive inotropic drugs do?

Strengthen heart contractility and decrease heart rate.

What do vasodilators do?

Cause arteriolar smooth muscle to relax.

What do diuretics do?

Increase urine formation and promote water loss.

What do antitussives do?

Block the cough reflex.

What do mucolytics/expectorants/decongestants do?

Break up mucus.

What do bronchodilators do?

Relax smooth muscle around the terminal bronchioles.

What drugs can be used for hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)?

Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.

What is used to decrease thyroid hormone production in hyperthyroidism?

Methimazole or radioactive iodine.

What is used for hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine.

Why are reproductive hormones used in veterinary medicine?

To synchronize estrous cycles, prevent pregnancy, or alter uterine state.

Name reproductive hormones listed in the lecture.

Estradiol, altrenogest, dinoprost tromethamine, fluprostenol, megestrol acetate, mibolerone, and oxytocin.

What are anesthetics used for?

To produce anesthesia.

What are tranquilizers/sedatives used for?

To produce tranquilization or sedation.

What do analgesics do?

Reduce the perception of pain.

What are anticonvulsants used for?

To help control seizures/convulsions.

What do antimicrobials do?

Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

What does bactericidal mean?

Kills bacteria.

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Inhibits bacterial replication.

What does virucidal mean?

Kills viruses.

What does protozoistatic mean?

Inhibits protozoal replication.

What does fungicidal mean?

Kills fungi.

What is antimicrobial resistance?

Some microorganisms can survive in the presence of antimicrobials.

What is drug residue?

Accumulation of a drug or metabolite in tissues or food products.

What are antifungals used for?

Treatment of fungal infections.

What are drugs used to treat internal parasites called?

Antiparasitic drugs for internal parasites.

What are drugs used to treat external parasites called?

Drugs for external parasite control.

What do anti-inflammatory drugs do?

Relieve pain/discomfort by reducing inflammation.

What is the dilution formula?

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

How do you calculate drug dose in mg?

Dose (mg) = weight (kg) × dosage (mg/kg)

How do you calculate volume in mL?

Volume (mL) = dose (mg) ÷ concentration (mg/mL)

How do you calculate the number of tablets?

Dose (tablets) = dose (mg) ÷ concentration (mg/tablet)

What are the two formulas needed to calculate both dose and volume?

Dose (mg) = weight (kg) × dosage (mg/kg)

Volume (mL) = dose (mg) ÷ concentration (mg/mL)

How do you convert pounds to kilograms?

kg = lb ÷ 2.2

How do you convert kilograms to pounds?

lb = kg × 2.2

How do you convert mL to L?

L = mL ÷ 1,000

How do you convert L to mL?

mL = L × 1,000

How do you convert mcg to mg?

mg = mcg ÷ 1,000

How do you convert mg to mcg?

mcg = mg × 1,000

How do you convert mg to g?

g = mg ÷ 1,000

How do you convert g to mg?

mg = g × 1,000