SF MODULE 1

PC

personal computer

Motherboard

The core of the system that controls all the devices; contains CPU, memory, and other components

CPU (Central Processing Unit / Microprocessor / Processor)

Reads data and instructions, writes data and instructions, performs calculations, processes data, and communicates with many other computer components — often called the brain of the computer

Processor

Also called the microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU); serves as the brain or engine of the PC

CPU

• Central Processing Unit

• Microprocessor

• Processor

What does the CPU do?

• Reads data and instructions.

• Writes data and instructions.

• Performs calculations.

• Processes data.

• Communicates with many other computer components.

Memory (RAM)

The primary memory, often called Random Access Memory (RAM); contains data that the processor is currently using

Power Supply

The source of electrical power for every part of the PC

Computer Case

Contains the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage, and other internal components — most processing of data and instructions and most storage are handled inside it

Case

The frame that houses the system unit

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A secondary storage device used when large amounts of data need to be stored, especially data that does not need to be accessed very frequently

CD/DVD Drive

A Compact Disc/Digital Versatile Disc (CD/DVD) drive — a high-capacity removable media optical storage device

Expansion Cards

Used by the CPU to communicate with devices inside and outside the case

Peripheral Device

A device that is not located directly on the motherboard but communicates with the CPU (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer)

Port

A physical connector that allows a cable from a peripheral device to connect to the computer

1972

Intel’s 8008 microprocessor made its debut

1974

Scelbi advertised its 8Hcomputer

Whats is the first commericially advertised us computer

Scelbi 8-h

1976

Steve Wozniak designed apple 1

What did wozniak design?

Apple 1

1977

Apple computer introduced the apple II

1979

Motorolla intruduced the 6800 microprocessor

1981

the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI).

1983

Apple introduced the Apple Lisa computer

1984

Apple macintosh (GUI+MOUSE)

1986

Compaq Deskpro 386, (Intel's 386 chip.)

1987

IBM introduced its PS/2,

1988

others developed EISA.

EISA

Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture

1993

Intel released its fifth-generation processor called P5. intel pentium

1995

• Intel released the Pentium Pro.

1997

AMD introduced the K6

1998

• Intel released the Celeron.

1999

Intel

• Released the Pentium III.

AMD

• Introduced the Athlon

2000

• Both Intel and AMD introduced processors running at 1 GHz.

2001

Intel introduced the first 2GHz processor

2006

• Intel introduced the Core microarchitecture.

2008

• Intel Penryn microarchitecture (45nm)

PC

Personal Computer

XT

Extended PC

XT Class

A PC system that includes a hard disk for storage, floppy drives, an 8-bit 8088 processor, and an 8-bit ISA bus for system expansion; PC/XT can only use up to 1 MB of RAM

AT

Advanced Technology PC

AT-Class Systems

Systems that follow standards based on the original IBM AT system; can be 16/32/64-bit systems with expansion slots that are 16-bit or greater (ISA, EISA, MCA, PC-Card, V-Card, PCI)

DMA

Direct Memory Access — allows data to be transferred directly between a device/storage and memory without CPU intervention

AT Case

Introduced in 1984; supported the full-size AT motherboard and Baby-AT motherboard; had a round hole at the back for the old keyboard DIN plug and removable metal plates for serial and parallel ports; came as Desktop AT and Tower AT; considered obsolete

Baby-AT

A smaller/scaled-down version of AT with the same port position and connection; came as Desktop Baby-AT and Tower Baby-AT; considered obsolete

LPX

Low Profile Extension Format — a space-saving case commonly used in office workplaces; uses a riser/daughter card so other expansion cards could be inserted parallel to the motherboard; used by Hewlett Packard, Bell, and Compaq; disadvantage is an extra cooling problem; considered obsolete

ATX

Advanced Technology Extended — created by Intel in 1995; eliminated the AT keyboard arrangement; metal plates were replaced by a rectangular area for ports using a snap-out panel called an I/O plate; became the industry standard

Housing

The case provides space for important computer components, usually the power supply unit, expansion slots, expansion bays, and I/O ports; the motherboard is usually screwed to the bottom of the case, I/O ports are exposed at the back, and the power/reset buttons are normally located at the front

Ventilation

Important because computers produce heat; a properly ventilated case can help prevent the processor from overheating; cases can use cooling fans

EMF

Electromagnetic Field — electromagnetic interference can interfere with television, radio, cordless phones, and other electronic devices; the PC case helps reduce electromagnetic interference from internal components

Grounding

The case can also provide proper grounding, which helps protect against static electric discharge

SYSTEM COMPONENTS (Internal devices)

Motherboard – Core controller

Processor (CPU) – Brain of the PC

Memory (RAM) – Temporary working storage

Power Supply – Provides electricity

Hard Disk Drive – Secondary storage

CD/DVD Drive – Optical storage

SYSTEM COMPONENTS (External devices)

Monitor – Displays output

Keyboard & Mouse – Input devices

Video Card / Sound Card – Expansion cards for display & audio

System types

PC/XT Class (8‑bit)

• 8088 processor, ISA bus

• Limited to 1 MB RAM

• Real mode only

PC/AT Class (16/32/64‑bit):

• Advanced Technology standard

• Supports multiple processor modes

PC Case Types

Form Factors:

AT (1984) – Obsolete, DIN keyboard port

Baby‑AT – Smaller version, obsolete

LPX – Low profile, cooling issues, obsolete

ATX (1995) – Industry standard, rectangular I/O ports