A&P Ch 17: Blood

BSC 2086 A&P 2: Ch. 17

functions of blood

function: transport, regulation, protection

blood transport

function of blood; absorbs nutrients from GI tract. Delivers O2 and nutrients to body cells

blood regulation

function of blood; fluids, buffers, chemicals to maintain homeostasis

absorbing and distributing

blood maintains body temperature by __ heat

blood protection

function of blood; gets rid of urea and uric acid. Prevents blood loss and infection

connective tissue

blood is a type of __

plasma

blood matrix; made of nonliving fluid

formed elements

cells are living blood cells called__. These are suspended in plasma

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

components of formed elements

erythrocytes

red blood cells; have no nuclei or other organelles

leukocytes

white blood cells; complete cells

platelets

cell fragments; promote coagulation and reduce blood loss

hematocrit

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

42 ± 5%

normal hematocrit percent for women

47 ± 5%

normal hematocrit percent for men

buffy coat

thin, whitish layer between RBC and plasma layer. Composed of WBCs and platelets.

scarlet red

color of blood with high O2 level; arterial blood

dark red

color of blood with low O2; veinous blood

7.35- 7.45

pH of blood

5-6 L

average volume of blood in men

4-5 L

average volume of blood in women

90% water

blood plasma is the straw colored sticky fluid and is composed of __

albumin

makes up 60% of plasma proteins; functions as carrier of other molecules

bone marrow

formed elements originate here and do not divide.

a few days

how long do most formed elements survive in the bloodstream

antigens

located on RBC; identifier tags. Proteins imbedded in plasma membrane

alpha/beta globulins

produced by liver. Most are transport proteins that binds to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

globulins

makes up 36% of plasma proteins

gamma globulins

antibodies released by plasma cells during immune respose

fibrinogen

4% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; forms fibrin threads of blood clot

RBCs

dedicated to respiratory gas transport. Able to do so with hemoglobin

hemoglobin

binds reversibly with oxygen; consists of heme pigment bound to protein globin

13- 18g/ 100ml

normal value of male hemoglobin

12- 16g/ 100ml

normal value of female hemoglobin

globin

composed of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta

heme pigment

gives blood its red color; central iron atoms binds one O2

four

each hemoglobin molecule can transport __ O2

250 million

Each RBC contains __ hemoglobin molecules

oxyhemoglobin

O2 loading in the lungs produces _

deoxyhemoglobin

O2 unloading in the tissues produces _

carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 loading in tissues; 20% of CO2 in blood binds to hemoglobin and produces _

hematopoiesis

formation of all blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow

axial skeleton, girdles of hip, and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

where does hematopoiesis occur in adults

hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)

stem cells that gives rise to all formed elements

amiotic

RBCs are _, meaning they have no nucleus

erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

reticulocytes

amount of _ is an indicator for the rate of erythropoiesis

1- 2%

% of healthy amount of reticulocytes

tissue hypoxia

a decrease in oxygen; too few RBCs lead to this

Polycythemia

Too many RBCs increase blood viscosity, causing _

over 2 million

the number of blood cells that are made per second

hormonal controls, dietary requirements

balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

kidneys

location of erythrocyte production

Erythropoietin

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs; released by kidneys in response to hypoxia

cause of hypoxia

decrease in RBC numbers, insufficient hemoglobin, reduced availability of O2

testosterone

_ enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

100- 120 days

life span of RBC; become fragile and hemoglobin begins to deteriorate

spleen

RBC graveyard; breas down RBC into heme, iron, and globins

bilirubin

Heme is degraded to yellow pigment _

urobilinogen

liver secretes bilirubin into intestines, where it is degraded to pigment

stercobilin

urobilinogen is transformed into brown pigment _ that leaves the body in feces

amino acids

during RBC breakdown, globin is metabolized into _ and released into circulation

ferridin or hemosiderin

during RBC breakdown, iron binds to _ and is stored for reuse

anemia

blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism

hemorrhagic anemia

rapid blood loss; treated by blood replacement

iron-deficiency anemia

can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also by low iron intake or impaired absorption

microcytes

RBCs produced by iron deficiency anemia; small, pale color. Cannot synthesize hemoglobin because of lack of iron

pernicious anemia

autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12

renal anemia

Caused by lack of erythropoietin; often kidneys cannot produce enough EPO

aplastic anemia

destuction of inhibition of red bone marrow. Can be caused by drugs, chemicals, radiation, or viruses.

thalassemia

genetic disorder; one globin chain is absent or faulty, RBCs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

genetic disorder; 1 amino acid Is wrong in a chai of 146 amino acids. RBC are crescent shaped when O2 levels are low; easily rupture easily and block small vessels

polycythemia vera

bone marrow cancer leading yo excess RBCs

secondary polycythemia

casued by low O2 levels or increased EPO

blood doping

athletes remove, store, and reinfuse RBCs before an events to increase O2 levels for stamina

diapedesis

WBCs have the ability to leave capillaries by squeezing themselves between epithelial cells in a process called _

granulocytes

contain visible cytoplasmic granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules

Never let monkeys eat banana

mneumonic for learning most abundant to least abundant WBCs

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

most abundant to least abundant WBCs

50- 70 %

relative percent of neutrophils

2- 4 %

relative percent of eosinophils

.5- 1%

relative percent of basophils

25- 45 %

lymphocytes

3-8%

monocytes

monocytes, neutrophils

most active phagocytes

neutrophils

multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules; bacterial slayers and pus formation

eosinophils

bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules; release enzymes of large parasitic worms, digesting their surface

basophil

bilobed nucleus, purplish- black cytoplasmic granules. Histamine. Rarest WBC

lymphocytes

large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm. Plays a role in immunity

T lymphocytes

acts against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

B lymphocytes

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

monocytes

kidney shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm. actively phagocytic cells; fights against viruses, bacterial parasites, and chronic infections

leukemia

cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs

myeloid leukemia

involves myeloblast descendants

lymphocytic leukemia

involves lymphocytes

acute leukemia

quickly advancing leukemia derived from stem cells; prevalent in children

chronic leukemia

slowly advancing leukemia involving proliferation of later cell stages; prevalent in older people

hemostasis

the stoppage of blood flow; requires clotting factors

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

3 steps to prevent blood loss