exam1 human anat 125

histology

study of tissue

physiology

study of functions in human body structures

hierarchy of structural organization

1. Chemical Level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ Level

5. Organ Systems

how many cells in human body?

100 trillion

What are the Groups of Tissue

1. Muscle

2. Nervous

3. Connective

4. Epitheal

Metric System Units of Measure

Meter, Gram, Liter

Metric Units of Measure in Order Great to Least

Kilo, Hecto, Deka, Deci, Centi, Milli, Micro

Membranes of Ventral Cavity?

Parietal Serosa & Visceral Serosa

Parietal Serosa

Membrane that covers cavity

Viceral Serosa

Membrane that covers organ

Peritoneum

Serosa lining abdominal cavity

Pleura

Serosa lining lungs

Pericardium

Serosa lining heart

Morphology

The study of different cells

Prokaryotic Cell

No nucleus no compartments

Eukaryotic

Many compartments and Yay nucleus

Plasma Membrane

It separates cell from outside and is made of Phospholipids ;join in two layers to creat plasma membrane

osmosis

is the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

solution

salute + solvent

concentrated solutiong

>solute (sugar) < solvent (water)

diluted solution

< solute (sugar) > solvent (water)

endocytosis

mechanism by which particles enter cells

Endocytosis Process (Steps)

1. phagocytosis: engulfs particle in vacuole

2. pinocytisis: absorbtion of extracellular fluid

3. receptor mediated endocytosis: binding of external molecules to membrane

Exocytosus

moves substances out of cell

Cytoplasm

Cytosol: jelly like fluid containing organelles in cell

Ribosomes

made of protein and make protein

Central Dogna of Moleulcar Biology

DNA RNA mRNA = Protein!

Peptide Bonds

holds amino acids together so proteins are made

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

has ribosomes attached,, and protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

No ribosomes and it makes enzymes for lipid metabolism

Golgi Apparatus

Packing and ships protein from ER and send to where needed

Where can the Golgi Apparatus Send proteins

1. exogated (kick out if cell)

2. Embed in cell membrane

3. within cell

Mitochondria

Generates energy ATP via respiration (you get this from your mom)

Lysomes

has digestive enzymes that breakdown macromolecules

Peroxisomes

Get rid of reactive chemical bonds (Detoxification)

Centrosomes

sphere structure containing centrioles

Centrioles

cylinder bodies that are located in centrosomes 27 microtubes total

inclusions

temporary structure in some cells (melanin)

Nuclear Envelope

two parallel membrane protects nucleus

nucleolos

little nucleus, ribosome manufacture

Chromatin

DNA + Histones

Purines DNA

A G

Pyrimidines

C T

How many chromosomes do you have?

46! autosomes: 22

Sex chromosome: 1

Mitosis

Cell Division

Genome

set of organisms genes

Homologous Chromosome

Similar chromosomes ex. one eye gene from each parent

Cell Reproduction

A) Cell Replicate

B) Cell Division

1. Mitosis (PMAT)

2. Cytokinesis

How to begin Mitosis ?

Replicate parent’s genes first. Then turn them into chromosomes by combining the 4 so they look like X instead of I I.

Prophase

Nuclear Envelope disappears and Mitotic spindle appears! The Chromatin turns into chromosomes for each parent!

Metaphase

Sister chromatids line up on metaplate

-X-X-X-X

Anaphase

sister chromatids break in half and separate to other side of cell

Telephase

Chromosomes go back into chromatin. Nuclear env appears Metiotic spindal disappear

Cytokinesis

Last step of cell division the cells separate! yay complete.

Cancer Cells

disease group of cells have uncontrollable growth and invade different parts of body ; metasis

Tissues

group of cells working for common function

Epitheal

cover and line

Connective Tissue

Support and Bind

Nervous Tissue

communication and control

Muscle Tissue

Movement

Epithelia

Tissue that covers external body (epidermas) lines cavities too

Glands

secretion! hormones sweat allat

Epithelia Functions

1. Protection

2. Absorption.

3. Secretion

4. Sensory receptors

Simple Epithelia

One layer of cells

Stratified Epithelia

Two or more layers of cell

Squamous

Round cell structure

Cuboidal

Cube shape square

Columbar

Long column like cell

Psuedostratified Epithelium

tall varies in height cells and has cilia

Transitional Epithelium

Stretches,, is found in urinary system

Simple Squamous Epithelium

single layer if cube like cells with disk shaped nuclei

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

single layer cube like cell large nuclei

function: absorption

Simple Columnar

single layer of rectangular cells oval nuclei,, some have cillia,, goblet mucus

Glands

many epithelial cells that make and secrete

Endocrine Glands

lose surface connection as they develop,, secrete hormones; stay inside

Exocrine Glands

retain ducts, secretion empty through these ducts; goes to surface

Unicellular Gland

scattered through epithelial lining of intestines

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

a) Simple duct

b) compound duct

Simple Duct for Gland

Has only one branch

Compound Duct for Glands

Many branches

Epithelial Surface Features

1. adhesive proteins

2. wavy contours to weave cells together

3. Cell junction

Cell Junction consists of?

1. tight junction

2. adheres junction

3. Desmosomes

Tight Junction Epithelial

closes off space in between on top of cell

Adherens Junction Epithelial

right under the tight junction and helps hold cell together with linker proteins

Desmosomes Junction Epithelial

it is under adherence junction. Main function is binding,, And making sure the inside of the cell is held together.

Pattern of DNA

they go together!

A T

C G

G C

T A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

poorly vascularized tissue made of fibers of collegen that go in the same direction,, it attaches bones to bone

Dense Irregular CT

tissue that has thick collagen that go different directions

Cartilage

a firm connective tissue that resists compresion and tension,, contains chondrocyte cells

What are the type of Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibro Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

supports and cushions ex: ribs

Fribro Cartilage

absorbs shock ex: spine

Elastic

provides flexibility and snaps back into shape ex: throat flap and ear

Bone (Osseous Tissue) Function

support and protect organs, stores calcium, minerals

Bone Marrow

site for blood formaton

Osteoblasts in Blood

secrete collegen fibers and matrix

Osteocytes

are mature bone cells in lacunae

Blood Tissue

the fluid in blood vessels that develop from mesenchyme (nonliving matrix plasma)

3 Types of membranes

Cutaneous Membrane, Mucus Membrane, Serous Membrane

Cutanous Membrane

it is the skin that protects the body