APHG UNIT 5 🌾🤠

Physical geography influence on agriculture

It affects what can be grown or raised in a region based on climate and terrain. Mediterranean climates support olives and grapes, while tropical climates support crops like rice and bananas.

Intensive agricultural practices

Market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/livestock systems.

Extensive agricultural practices

Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.

Types of rural settlement patterns

Clustered, dispersed, and linear.

Agricultural practices and rural land-use patterns

Different methods create specific patterns; for example, plantations lead to clustered settlements, while ranching supports dispersed patterns.

Methods to survey rural settlements

Metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot systems.

Early centers of plant and animal domestication

Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, and Central America.

Spread of domesticated plants and animals

Through the Columbian Exchange and agricultural revolutions.

Impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution

More food, improved diets, longer life expectancy, and labor for urban industries.

Characteristics of the Green Revolution

Use of high-yield crops, fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanization.

Positive consequences of the Green Revolution

Increased food production and reduced hunger in some areas.

Negative consequences of the Green Revolution

Environmental damage, inequality, and chemical dependence.

Economic forces influence on agriculture

They determine land use types (e.g., intensive/extensive) via land cost, drive commercial farming, and shape global commodity chains.

Bid-rent theory

It suggests land cost decreases with distance from the market, influencing agricultural intensity.

Von Thünen model

How transportation costs affect rural land use, with more perishable goods located closer to markets.

Limitations of the Von Thünen model

Modern transport and specialty farming disrupt its concentric rings.

Environmental effects of agricultural land use

Pollution, land cover change, desertification, salinization, and conservation efforts.

Landscape alteration by agricultural practices

Through slash-and-burn, irrigation, deforestation, terraces, and draining wetlands.