part 2 (cells in the lungs - abg causes )

cells found in the lungs are also known as?

pneumocytes

what are the 2 types of pneumocytyes?

type 1 cells

type 2 cells

these are flat cells lining the alveoli

TYPE 1 CELLS —

these cells synthesize / secrete surfactant

TYPE 2 CELLS —

what do type 2 cells synthesize / secrete?

surfactant

These re thduce the surface tension in the lungs to prevent atelectasis

SURFACTANT

This is a newborn condition that could happen if there is decreased surfactant. there is small alveoili collapse

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or “Hyaline Membrane Disease”

enumerate the muscles for relaxed inspiration

● DIAPHRAGM — primary muscle

● EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

enumerate the muscles for forced inspiration

“SUPAS”

● SCM

● UPPER TRAPS

● PECS MAJOR AND MINOR

● ANTERIOR MIDDLE AND POSTERIOR SCALENES

● SERRATUS ANTERIOR POSTERIOR SUPERIOR

enumerate the muscles for relaxed expiration

● None

● Because there is only passive recoil of lungs and thorax

enumerate the mucles for forced expiration

● “ASI”

● ABDOMINALS

● SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR

● INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

enumerate the boundaries of thoracic cage

ANTERIOR : Sternum

POSTERIOR : Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

LATERALLY : 12 pairs of ribs

● TRUE RIBS: 1-7 (has attachment to sternum via costal

cartilage )

● FALSE RIBS: 8-10 (not attached to sternum, but articulates

with 7th rib )

● FLOATING RIBS: 11-12 (no articulation with ribs or sternum)

SUPERIOR: Thoracic outlet

INFERIOR: Diaphragm

What’s the anterior boundary of the rib cage?

sternum

What’s the posterior boundary of the rib cage?

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

What’s the lateral boundary of the rib cage?

12 pairs of ribs

● TRUE RIBS: 1-7 (has attachment to sternum via costal

cartilage )

● FALSE RIBS: 8-10 (not attached to sternum, but articulates

with 7th rib )

● FLOATING RIBS: 11-12 (no articulation with ribs or sternum)

What’s the superior boundary of the rib cage?

thoracic outlet

What’s the inferior boundary of the rib cage?

Diaphragm

enumerate the controls of respiration

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (DRG) [“ DIN ”]

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (DRG) [“ VEXIN”]

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

APNEUSTIC CENTER

CHEMORECEPTORS

What is being defined?

● Located at the DORSAL MEDULLA (aka nucleus tractus

solitarius)

● Function is to inspiration

● Inspiratory ramp signal: 2s on , 3s off

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (DRG) [“ DIN ”]

Where is the DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP located?

DORSAL MEDULLA OR NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARIUS

What is the inspiratory ramp signal?

2s on, 3s off

what is being defined?

● Located in VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA (aka nucleus

ambiguous and retroambiguus)

● Functions are expiration + inspiration

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP [“ VEXIN ”]

Where is the

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP [“ VEXIN ”] located?

VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA OR NUCLEUS AMBIGUOUS & RETROAMBIGUOUS

What is being defined?

● Located in the UPPER PONS

● Aka nucleus parabrachiailis

● Functions are to

• Limit inspiration by switching off inspiratory ramp

signal

• Controls rate and depth of breathing

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

Where is the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER located?

UPPER PONS

What is being defined?

● Located at lower pons

● Function is to prevent switching off inspiratory ramp signals

APNEUSTIC CENTER

Where is the APNEUSTIC CENTER located?

LOWER PONS

What are the 2 chemoreceptors?

CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS

This chemoreceptor is located at ventral medulla

○ Stimuli is when hydrogen ions are increased or

decreased pH (acidosis)

central chemoreceptors

where are the central chemoreceptors located?

ventral medulla

This chemoreceptor is located is in aortic and carotid bodies

○ Stimuli is whe dec PaO2 (partial level of o2), inc

PaCo2 (partial level of co2), and decrease ph

peripheral chemoreceptors

where is the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

aortic & carotid bodies

signs & symptoms of RAL

● RAL (“ DENTS ”)

○ Dizziness

○ Early tetany

○ Numbness

○ Tingling sensation

○ Syncope

signs & symptoms RAC

● RAC

○ Early RAC (“HARDY”)

○ Headache

○ Anxiety

○ Restlessness

○ Dyspnea

○ Late RAC (“DISC”)

○ Disorientation

○ Somnolence

○ Coma

signs & symptoms MAL

● MAL (“ We Men ↑ Ms ”)

○ Weakness

○ Early tetany

○ Mental dullness

○ ↑ DTRs

○ Muscle twitching

signs & symptoms MAC

● MAC (“ Na Lo Co ”)

○ Nausea

○ Lethargy

○ Coma

causes of RAL

Hypoxemia

Hyperventilation

(+) ventilator

Pain

causes of RAC

RAC

COPD

Atelectasis

Respiratory failure

Asthma

causes of MAL

MAL

Vomiting

Antacids

Nasogastric Suction

Diuretics

Excessive bicarbonate ingestion

causes of MAC

MAC

DM = Ketoacidosis

Diarrhea

Renal failure