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Fascism
A system of gov’t characterized by authoritarian rule, extreme nationalism, the belief in racial (Aryan) superiority and suppression of civil liberties
Japan
What country modernized its military and industries; needed raw materials and new overseas markets; used its military to begin conquering its neighbors during the rise of facism?
Japan’s timeline of growth in fascism leading into WWII
Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Hideki Tojo
1931 invasion of Manchuria, China (northern territory); full invasion in 1937
1940: conquest of Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Philippines & Indonesia
Benito Mussolini
In 1922 this leader came to power in Italy and was a Fascist ruler (nicknamed Il Duce (The Leader))
Italy’s timeline of growth in fascism leading into WWII
Condemned Versailles Treaty for denying Italian territorial claims in Africa & the Middle East; Mussolini planned to build a modern Roman Empire
1935 invasion of Ethiopia
Germany
These factors led this country into fascism: WWI war debt, reparation payments, economic depression, rising unemployment, fear of communism led to Adolf Hitler’s rise with the Nazi party
Adolf Hitler
Who wrote the autobiography Mein Kampf (My Struggle) that outlined this person’s beliefs/plans
Beliefs of Adolf Hitler
Blamed the Versailles Treaty and Jewish people for Germany’s problems; planned to overturn Versailles Treaty
Annex large parts of Europe to unite Germans into a central “fatherland”
Believed in racial purity; “inferior races” (Jews, Slavs, Gypsies) would be subjugated by “master race” (Aryans)
Adolf Hitler
Who was appointed chancellor and the Reichstag (parliament) granted dictatorial powers in 1933?
Outlawed all other political parties, arrested political rivals, declared himself Der Fuhrer (The Leader)
1935: rearmed German military in violation of Versailles Treaty
1936: invaded Rhineland; formed Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy; later expanded to Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis when Japan joined (Axis Powers)
What did Adolf Hitler do after he was appointed chancellor?
Neutrality Act of 1935
U.S. passed this, which imposed embargo on weapons sales to any warring nations & warned Americans traveling abroad did so at their own risk
U.S.’s timeline leading into WWII
1936: banned loans to warring nations
1937: imposed “cash-and-carry” requirement: warring country could purchase nonmilitary goods from U.S. but had to pay cash and transport goods on their own ships
1939: permitted the sale of military goods on “cash and carry” terms; later changed to allow Allies to “cash and carry” military items
isolationism
What did most Americans support leading up to WWII?
Annexed Austria & planned to seize Sudetenland (western Czechoslovakia)
What did Hitler plan to do and do in 1938?
1938 Munich Conference
Meeting between England, France & Germany; England & France agreed to let Hitler annex Sudetenland if pledged not to annex any more land
Hitler annexed rest of Czechoslovakia
What happened six months after the Munich Conference?
Hitler & Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
What two people signed a non-aggression pledge in August of 1939?
Hitler invaded Poland; England & France declared war on Germany
What happened on September 1, 1939, which marked the beginning of WWII?
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark & France
Germany conquered which countries in June of 1940?
FDR
Who was re-elected to a third term as president of the US in 1940?
FDR’s Four Freedoms speech
(January of 1941): (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, & freedom from fear) State of the Union address championing human rights and justifying American support for England
Lend-Lease Act
Passed by Congress in March of 1941: president could lend/loan weapons to England or any country whose defense was vital to American security; countries could repay America later
Japanese attack U.S. navy base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
What major event happened on December 7, 1941, which pulled US into WWII? (2400 Americans dead; several naval vessels damaged/destroyed; 200 planes destroyed)
December 8, 1941
When did the US Congress officially declare war on Japan?
December 11, 1941
When did the Axis Powers declare war on U.S.?
War Powers Act
FDR had unprecedented control over all aspects of the war effort
1942 Revenue Act
Expanded number of income tax paying Americans from 3.9 million to 42.6 million, which paid for 50% of war effort
Gov’t borrowed from wealthy Americans
Who did the US expand war bond program?
War Production Board (WPB)
Who awarded military contracts, allocated resources, and encouraged factories to convert to military production?
16 million
How many men & women enlisted in the armed forces?
code talkers
500+ Native American trained to use native languages to send/receive coded messages; codes were never broken by the Axis
(WASPs)
Women’s Airforce Service Pilots
(WAC)
Women’s Army Corps
(WAVES)
Women Accepted for Volunteers Emergency Service
Transport pilots, ferry captains, nurses, clerks, mechanics, radio operators, logistical operations, etc.
What were the jobs of the (WAVES), (WAC), & (WASPs)?
1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (“G.I. Bill”)
provided education, job training, medical care, pensions and home loans for men & women who served in the military
36%
What percentage of American workforce were women?
1943
In what year was the unemployment rates at pre-Depression levels?
“Double V” Campaign
Launched by African Americans; victory over Nazism abroad and Jim Crow discrimination at home; renewed calls to end job/housing discrimination, segregation and voter suppression
Executive Order 8802
signed by FDR in 1941; prohibited discrimination in the hiring of workers based on race, creed, color or national origin” & created Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) as a watchdog over hiring practices
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)
Who served as a watchdog over hiring practices?
Bracero Program
U.S. brought hundreds of thousands of Mexican workers to the U.S., especially for low-wage farm workers
15 million
How many Americans moved to new residences for work? (about half moved to a different state, mostly moving to big cities)
Pearl Harbor attack; uncovered long-standing racism, especially towards Japanese Americans
What was the driving forced that caused Approximately 15,000 German & Italian Americans detained by police?
Executive Order 9066
Signed by FDR in 1942; forced removal of Japanese Americans from their homes to relocation camps to the interior of the U.S. for the duration of the war
Nisei; ⅔
What was the name of native-born Americans of Japanese ancestry, and how many were sent to camps?
1944 Korematsu vs. U.S
Supreme Court upheld the removal as a “military necessity”
1944
When was FDR re-elected to a fourth term?
Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin & FDR
Who were the Big Three?
England, Soviet Union & U.S.
Who were the Allies?
Defeating Germany first, Japan second
1941: Germany invaded Soviet Union and reached outskirts of Moscow; Stalin wants Allies to open a second front by invading France
Plans of the Allies in the early 40s
Germany
Who drove into southern Russia to seize oil fields, invaded North Africa to seize Suez Canal in Egypt and captured oil fields of Middle East?
British
In 1942, which troops halt German advance in Egypt at Battle of El-Alamein?
American/English
In 1943, which troops launched a counter offensive in North Africa?
Russian
In 1942-43, which troops halted German advance at Battle of Stalingrad?
Allies
In 1943, who invaded Italy?
Allies
Who captured Rome in 1944? Mussolini captured/executed by Italian rebels
Mussolini
Who was captured/executed by Italian rebels?
D-Day
June 6, 1944: Allied invasion of France; second front opened against Germany (*know date for test)
Allies
In 1945, who invaded Germany?
Hitler
Who committed suicide on April 30th, 1945?
Germany
What country surrendered on May 7th, 1945?
The Holocaust
Germany’s campaign that exterminated 6 million European Jews and 6 million “undesirables” (Poles, Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, the disabled)
Buchenwald, Dachau, Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen
What were the major concentration camps during WWII?
Japan
Who conquered Wake Island, Guam, the Solomon Islands & Malaysia?
Battle of Coral Sea
May, 1942: U.S. halted Japanese advance and prevented Japan from invading Australia
Battle of Midway
June, 1942: U.S. navy smashed Japanese fleet, destroying several aircraft carriers
island hopping
This Allied campaign was done to get within bombing range of Japan
kamikaze attacks
Japanese pilots resort to what after the island hopping tactic of the Allies?
Japanese
By 1945, Allies begin bombing which cities?
April 12, 1945
When does FDR die?
April 12, 1945
When does VP Harry Truman become President?
Manhattan Project
1942-1945: codename for atomic bomb research project; led by General Leslie Groves and physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; 2 billion dollar cost
Los Alamos, NM
In July of 1945, where were atomic bombs tested?
Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped which city? (100,000 casualties)
Nagasaki
On August 9, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on which city? (60,000 casualties)
Japan
On August 12, 1945, who surrendered to the Allies? (September 2, 1945, the formal surrender papers were signed)
50 million
How many soldiers & civilians were killed in WWII? ((2.5% of global population) including 400,000 Americans)
100 million, including 300,000 Americans
How many people were wounded in WWII?
30 million
How many people were displaced or homeless?
September 1, 1939
When was the start of WWII.
Note 
Flashcard (72)