Excretory anatomy

pH

pH

breathing is regulated based on a feedback system using __ as a variable

raise

When exercising, people tend to breath faster to (raise/lower) blood pH

chemoreceptors

As CO2 is converted to carbonic acid, this causes a lowering in blood pH and _______________ signal the brain to increase the rate of breathing.

ureters

two kidneys are drained by two _______.

bladder

2 ureters carry urine to the _______.

urinary sphincters

What controls the flow of urine into the urethra?

bilirubin

Urines colour will start with the breakdown of hemoglobin to _________.

Urobilin

Bilirubin will become bile and then into _______.

artery

The kidneys are supplied blood through the renal ______ branching off the descending aorta.

descending aorta

What is the part of the aorta that supplies blood to the kidney?

Renal vein

What is the name of the part where the blood exits the kidney after being filtered.

s

Quick note (press s to skip)
function of kidneys:

remove waste from blood

help maintain electrolyte, pH, and fluid balances

Release key hormones

hormones

Adrenal glands secrete many _________ during various events such as stress, osmoregulation, etc.

epinephrine

Which hormones from adrenal glands are used to regulate stress? (cortisol and ?) (not aldosterone)

renal cortex

What is the outermost layer of the kidney called?

Renal medulla

What is the inner layer of the kidney called?

nephrons

Each kidney is made up of millions of tiny filtration units called ________.

Glomerulus

Anatomy of the Nephron:

high pressure capillary network

Thin blood vessel walls

Plasma leaks out due to pressure

Bowmans capsule

Anatomy of the Nephron:

Collecting chamber of the nephron

Plasma collected is now outside the body and circulatory system

Proximal tubule

Anatomy of the Nephron:

Reabsorbs nutrients

After bowmans capsule

Vasa Recta

Anatomy of the Nephron:

A capillary network that surrounds the nephron to reabsorb things out of urine into the blood

Loop of henle

Anatomy of the Nephron:

Works on Na+ and H2O reabsorption

Distal tubule

Anatomy of the Nephron:

Regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

Collecting Duct

Anatomy of the Nephron:

Connected to many other nephrons

Collect the filtered and reabsorbed urine

Many ____________ _____ join to form the ureter

Aldosterone

What hormone from adrenal glands are used to regulate water levels in the blood?

aquaporins

Anatomy of the Nephron:

The descending loop of henle is packed with __________ to reabsorb water

Na+ channels

Anatomy of the Nephron:

The ascending loop of henle has lots of ___ ________ to absorb and Na+.

urobilin

Urines yellow colour comes from a compound called?

urea

In the distal tubule:

as well as reabsorbing H2O and Na+, there is an excretion of ____ and other N-wastes.

Aldosterone

The hormone produced by the RAAS that causes the reabsorption of Na is?

s

quick note: (press s to skip)

Drugs and toxins do not enter the bowmans capsule, but keep traveling through the vasa recta, but get diffused through into the distal tubule.