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pH
breathing is regulated based on a feedback system using __ as a variable
raise
When exercising, people tend to breath faster to (raise/lower) blood pH
chemoreceptors
As CO2 is converted to carbonic acid, this causes a lowering in blood pH and _______________ signal the brain to increase the rate of breathing.
ureters
two kidneys are drained by two _______.
bladder
2 ureters carry urine to the _______.
urinary sphincters
What controls the flow of urine into the urethra?
bilirubin
Urines colour will start with the breakdown of hemoglobin to _________.
Urobilin
Bilirubin will become bile and then into _______.
artery
The kidneys are supplied blood through the renal ______ branching off the descending aorta.
descending aorta
What is the part of the aorta that supplies blood to the kidney?
Renal vein
What is the name of the part where the blood exits the kidney after being filtered.
s
Quick note (press s to skip)
function of kidneys:
remove waste from blood
help maintain electrolyte, pH, and fluid balances
Release key hormones
hormones
Adrenal glands secrete many _________ during various events such as stress, osmoregulation, etc.
epinephrine
Which hormones from adrenal glands are used to regulate stress? (cortisol and ?) (not aldosterone)
renal cortex
What is the outermost layer of the kidney called?
Renal medulla
What is the inner layer of the kidney called?
nephrons
Each kidney is made up of millions of tiny filtration units called ________.
Glomerulus
Anatomy of the Nephron:
high pressure capillary network
Thin blood vessel walls
Plasma leaks out due to pressure
Bowmans capsule
Anatomy of the Nephron:
Collecting chamber of the nephron
Plasma collected is now outside the body and circulatory system
Proximal tubule
Anatomy of the Nephron:
Reabsorbs nutrients
After bowmans capsule
Vasa Recta
Anatomy of the Nephron:
A capillary network that surrounds the nephron to reabsorb things out of urine into the blood
Loop of henle
Anatomy of the Nephron:
Works on Na+ and H2O reabsorption
Distal tubule
Anatomy of the Nephron:
Regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis
Collecting Duct
Anatomy of the Nephron:
Connected to many other nephrons
Collect the filtered and reabsorbed urine
Many ____________ _____ join to form the ureter
Aldosterone
What hormone from adrenal glands are used to regulate water levels in the blood?
aquaporins
Anatomy of the Nephron:
The descending loop of henle is packed with __________ to reabsorb water
Na+ channels
Anatomy of the Nephron:
The ascending loop of henle has lots of ___ ________ to absorb and Na+.
urobilin
Urines yellow colour comes from a compound called?
urea
In the distal tubule:
as well as reabsorbing H2O and Na+, there is an excretion of ____ and other N-wastes.
Aldosterone
The hormone produced by the RAAS that causes the reabsorption of Na is?
s
quick note: (press s to skip)
Drugs and toxins do not enter the bowmans capsule, but keep traveling through the vasa recta, but get diffused through into the distal tubule.
