Summit 1 Units 7-9 Grammar & Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering passive gerunds & infinitives, repeated & double comparatives, and perfect modals for past speculation from Units 7, 8, and 9 of Summit 1.

Passive Gerund

A verb structure formed with 'being + V3/ed' used when the subject receives the action (e.g., 'I dislike being treated unfairly').

Passive Infinitive

A verb structure formed with 'to be + V3/ed' (e.g., 'The product needs to be tested').

Passive after Verbs + Gerund

Passive form following verbs like enjoy, avoid, mind, dislike, and suggest using 'being + V3' when the subject receives the action (e.g., 'People enjoy being shown the ad').

Passive after Verbs + Infinitive

Passive form following verbs using to-infinitive, constructed as 'to be + V3' (e.g., 'The product is expected to be bought').

Present Simple Passive

Passive voice formula: am/is/are + V3 (e.g., 'The ads are shown on TV').

Past Simple Passive

Passive voice formula: was/were + V3 (e.g., 'The ad was created last year').

Modal Passive

Passive voice formula: modal + be + V3 (e.g., 'The rules must be followed').

Present Perfect Passive

Passive voice formula: has/have been + V3 (e.g., 'The product has been tested').

Repeated Comparatives

Structure used to describe something changing continuously in the same direction, formatted as 'comparative + and + comparative' (e.g., 'smaller and smaller' or 'more and more expensive').

Double Comparatives

Sentence structure used to show parallel relationship/change, formatted as 'The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + V' (e.g., 'The older people get, the more care they may need').

Irregular Comparatives

Comparative and superlative forms that do not take standard endings: good -> better -> best; bad -> worse -> worst; far -> farther/further.

Must have + V3

A perfect modal structure used when almost certain that something happened in the past (e.g., 'He must have forgotten the meeting').

May/Might/Could have + V3

A perfect modal structure used to make past speculations when uncertain (e.g., 'The story might have been a hoax').

Can't/Couldn't have + V3

A perfect modal structure used when believing that a past action was almost impossible to have occurred (e.g., 'She can't have written this article').

Passive Perfect Modal

Formula: modal + have been + V3 (e.g., 'must have been + V3', 'may/might/could have been + V3', 'can't/couldn't have been + V3'). Example: 'The evidence must have been hidden'.

Active vs. Passive Focus

Active voice focuses on the person performing the action, whereas passive voice focuses on the thing or person receiving the action.

Short Responses with Modals

Short replies that use an appropriate auxiliary verb or modal to avoid repeating the rest of the sentence (e.g., 'A: She must have left early. B: She must have.').