LESSON 4 : earth's formation and layers.

true

the interaction between earths subsystems are vital in sustaining life in the planet.

habituality

earth consisting of different interacting subsystems that contribute to its what?

conorod discontinuity

this is the gap between the upper and the lower crust.

mohorovicc discontinuity

this is between the lower crust and upper mantle

repiti discontinuity

this is between the upper and lower mantle

gutenberg discontinuity

this is between the lower mantle and outer core

lehmann discontinuity

this is between the inner and outer core.

lithosphere / geosphere

this is the solid outer section of earth.

lithosphere

this is the entirety of earth’s crust and the rigid upper mantle. it is usually divided into a number of huge plates that move in relation to one another.

• crust

• mantle

• core

give me the three main layers of earth.

crust

this is the outermost and thinnest layer (5-70km) and is 1% of earth’s composition. this is also the layer where we live.

crust

this layer of earth is composed of loose rocks and soils

crust

they are divided into continenal and oceanic crust

crust

the outer most layer is made of the lightest materials. what layer is this?

continental crust

this type of crust is made of dry land, granite and is less dense.

oceanic crust

this type of crust is made of the ocean floor, basalt, thinner than the other type of crust but more dense.

oceanic crust

composed of basaltic igneous rocks, mainly of silica and magnesium.

oceanic crust

also called as the sima layer

continental crust

composed of crystalline and granitic rock, mainly of silica and aluminum.

continental crust

also called the sial layer.

mantle

this is the thickest layer (2900km) it is the 66% of the earth’s mass. na

mantle

it is made out of molten rocks or magma, its composition is flowing.

mantle

this is the layer below the crust and is the largest layer of the earth. it is also divided into two regions, the upper and lower.

outermost layer

this layer includes the crust and the upper mantle. it is rigid, and divided into pieces or tectonic plates. also contains rock and soil.

asthenosphere

this consists of the middle mantle.as

asthenosphere

this is composed of solid flowing rock, and a layer on which pieces of lithosphere move on top. (solid rock that flows)

bottom mantle

this is a layer of the earth where this is the strong, lower part of the mantle.

bottom mantle

this is the layer between asthenosphere and core.

core

it its very hot, 4k-8k F. very dense, high pressure and 33% of earth’s mass

core

this layer of the earth consists of iron and nickel (metals)

outer core and inner core

what are the two parts of the core?

outer core

this core has liquid iron, and nickel thats spinning.

inner core

this core has solid iron and nickel. the metals in here are solid due to all the pressure of the rest of the earth surrounding it.

outer core

this core of the earth is like a ball of very hot metals. it is made of liquid.

outer core

this core is made up of iron and nickel and is very dense.

gutenberg discontinuity

this is the transition space between our outercore and mantle.

inner core

in this core, the temp and pressures are so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move. this core is also solid.

lehmann discontinuity

this is the transition region between our outer core and inner core.

nitrogen

the atmosphere is composed of oxygen and other elements, what element is the most dominant?

troposphere

this is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.t

troposphere

this contains 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere.tr

troposphere

all weather associated clouds types are found in this layer.

stratosphere

this is the second lowest of earth’s atmosphere

stratosphere

this layer of the atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation ozone.

stratosphere

this is the layer where jet planes fly in the atmosphere.

mesosphere

this is the coldest region in the atmosphere.

upper mesosphere

which mesosphere is the coldest region?

mesosphere

this layer protects earth from meteoroid

thermosphere

this is the second highest layer of the earth’s atmosphere

ionosphere

portion of the thermosphere between 80 and 550 km above the Earth.

thermosphere

Layer consisting of highly-ionized gas. Used in sending radio waves to great distances

Kennelly- Heaveside layer

layer of ionosphere that reflects radio waves

exosphere

Outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere

exosphere

this is where orbiting satellites reside. this also has low density elements (H and He)

water vapor

As Earth cools, _____ condensed to form early ocean, while other gases remained in the gaseous state and made up the atmosphere

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic, India, Arctic and Antartic

name the 5 basins in the world.

sea

is part of the ocean that is partially surrounding a landform

island sea

a part of the ocean that totally surrounds a landform.

ocean

body of saltwater with almost no boundaries and limitless of volume

3.5

in the hydrosphere, saltwater has an average of what percentage?

salinity

refers to the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water, expressed in parts per thousands.

parts per thousands

how do you express salinity? in what unit?

chemical weathering of rocks

where does salt come from?

earth’s interior

whats another major source of salt?

volcanic gassing

During volcanic eruptions, large quantities of water and gases are emitted to Earth’s surface. what is this called?

3%

what is the percentage of fresh water in earth?

97%

what is the percentage of water that reside in the ocean?

69%

in the 3 percent of the freshwater, what percentage of glaciers are there?

30%

in ther 3 percent of the freshwater, what percentage are the underground water?

less than 1%

if there is 3 percent of freshwater, what percentage are the lakes, rivers and swamps?

coastal, pelagic, oceanic, and neritic.

what are the horizontal zones of the ocean?

coastal zone.

region which the sea bottom is exposed during the low tide and is covered during high tide.

pelagic zone

located the seaward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark. This is always covered with water.

oceanic zone

lies above the continental shelf. Many sea animals are found in this zone.

neritic zone

an oceanic zone with zero visibility.

epipelagic, mesopelagic,Bathypelagic , Abyssopelagic , Hadapelagic.

give me all the exampes of a vertical ocean zone.

epipelagic zone

this is also known as the sunlight zone.

mesopelagic zone

this is also known as the twilight or dimlight zone.

bathypelagic zone

a vertical ocean zone that does not receive any sunlight.

abyssopelagic zone

this is a vertical ocean zone

hadapelagic zone

this is a vertical ocean known as the trenches, deepest of the ocean.

71%

earth as a blue planet has what percentage of the water?

hydrosphere

this is the total or combined amount of water in a planet.