Anatomy & Physiology I Lab (Chapter 9: The Nervous System-Lab Manual Information) Practical 4

reception

Three Basic Functions of the Nervous System

-________________: With the use of sensory receptors, the nervous system is able to detect changes in our surrounding environment and changes that occur inside the body.

integration

Three Basic Functions of the Nervous System

-_______________: Within the central nervous system, we are able to interpret and integrate sensory input, and store sensory information as memory to produce thoughts.

response

Three Basic Functions of the Nervous System

-_______________: We can respond to sensory input by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

neurons

Cells of the Nervous Tissue

-____________: Are typically the largest cells and are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

neuroglia

Cells of the Nervous Tissue

-______________: Cells provide support and protection for the neuron. (AKA: glial cells)

cell body

Structures of a Neuron

-__________ __________: Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and cellular organelles.

dendrite

Structures of a Neuron

-_____________: Multiple branching processes from the cell body. Serve as a contact to receive impulses from other neurons.

axon hillock

Structures of a Neuron

-__________ ___________: Region where the axon leaves the cell body.

axon

Structures of a Neuron

-____________: A single large process leaving the cell body. Sends impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or effector organ. (i.e. gland or muscle cell).

synaptic knob

Structures of a Neuron

-___________ ___________: Swelling at the end of an axon that forms a synapse with another neuron or effector organ (i.e. gland or muscle cell).

myelinated

Some neurons contain axons that are _______________. This mean the axon is surronded by a myelin sheath.

myelin sheath

A myelinated axon is surrounded by a ____________ ___________, a neuroglia cell that wraps itself around the axon in many circular layers.

axon

The myelin sheath insulates the __________ and provides a faster transmission of an impulse.

sensory neuron

Neuron Classification Based off Function

-_____________ (afferent) ______________: Conducts impulses from sensory receptors located in the body to the sentral nervous system (i.e. brain or spinal cord).

interneurons

Neuron Classification Based off Function

-_________________ (association neurons): Act as relay station for impulse from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another. Majority of the neurons in the central nervous system are these types of neurons.

motor neuron

Neuron Classification Based off Function

-____________ (efferent) _____________: Conducts impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs (i.e. muscle or gland).

multipolar neurons

Neuron Classification Based off Shape

-____________ ____________: Contain many cell processes- typically on axon and multiple dendrites. Make up 99% of nerve cells, including motor neurons and interneurons.

bipolar neurons

Neurons Classification Based off Shape

-_____________ _____________: Contain two cells processes- one axon and one dendrite. Mainly specialized sensory neurons.

unipolar neurons

Neurons Classification Based off Shape

-____________ ____________: Contain only one cell process that divides into two branches. Typically make up some sensory neurons.

anaxonic

Neurons Classification Based off Shape

-______________: Means "no axon"; contains only dendrites.

unipolar neuron

Which type of neuron is known as the touch and pain sensory neuron?

white

___________ matter: Contains mainly myelinated axons.

gray

____________ matter: Contains mainly neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

tracts

White Matter

-___________: Bundles of white matter in the central nervous system.

nerves

White Matter

-___________: Bundles of white matter in the peripheral nervous system.

nuclei

Gray Matter

-___________: Bundles of gray matter in the central nervous system.

ganglia

Gray Matter

-__________: Bundles of gray matter in the peripheral nervous system.

central nervous system

The __________ ____________ ____________ is the control center for all nervous system functions. All sensory information is delivered here and interpreted. It also produces all motor impulses going to muscles or glands.

brain, spinal cord

The central nervous system consists of both the __________ and __________ ____________.

peripheral nervous system

The ____________ _____________ ____________ consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles, glands, and receptors.

cranial nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

-Nerves that connect to the brain are called __________ _____________.

spinal nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

-Nerves that are connected to the spinal cord are called ___________ ___________.

receptors

Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

-Both cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the PNS send sensory information from _____________ to the CNS.

effector organs

Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

-Both cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the PNS transmit motor information from the CNS to ____________ ______________ (i.e. muscles and glands).

sensory division

Peripheral Nervous System

-_____________ (afferent) ____________: Consists of sensory (afferent) neurons that send impulses from receptors to the CNS.

somatic sensory receptors

Sensory (afferent) Division of the PNS

-_____________ __________ ____________: Detect general sensations (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position) in the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.

visceral sensory receptors

Sensory (afferent) Division of the PNS

-___________ __________ _____________: Detect sensations in the internal organs.

special sensory receptors

Sensory (afferent) Division of the PNS

-____________ ____________ _____________: Detect special sensations (smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium).

motor division

Peripheral Nervous System

-___________ (efferent) ___________: Consists of motor (efferent) neurons that send impulses from the CNS to effector organs (i.e. muscles and glands).

somatic nervous system

Motor (efferent) Division of the PNS

-___________ ____________ ____________: Contains motor (efferent) neurons going from the CNS to skeletal muscle. This impulse pathway produces voluntary actions.

autonomic nervous system

Motor (efferent) Division of the PNS

-___________ ____________ ____________: Contains motor (efferent) neurons going from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. This impulse pathway produces involuntary actions.

peripheral nerves

____________ _____________: (cranial and spinal nerves) are collections of myelinated axons bundled together with connective tissue. The bundling pattern is similar to that seen with skeletal muscle.

epineurium

Peripheral Nerve Coverings

-_____________: Connective tissue that covers the entire peripheral nerve.

perineurium

Peripheral Nerve Coverings

-______________: Connective tissue that covers bundles of axons called fascicles.

endoneurium

Peripheral Nerve Coverings

-_____________: Connective tissue that surrounds an individual axon.

fascicles

Bundles of axons are called _____________.

meninges

_____________: Are connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord that provide added protection.

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

The brain and spinal cord are covered by three meningeal layers- ________ _________, ____________ __________, and __________ __________.

dura mater

Cranial Meninges

-__________ __________: Very tough superficial layer; composed of two layer.

epidural space

Cranial Meninges

-___________ ___________: Space between the cranial bones and the dura mater; usually filled with fat and capillaries.

arachnoid mater

Cranial Meninges

-____________ ___________: Very thin middle layer; contains numerous web-like extensions that anchor to the pia mater.

subarachnoid space

Cranial Meninges

-____________ _____________: Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

pia mater

Cranial Meninges

-_________ ____________: Thin deep layer that connects directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Follows all the contours on the surface of the brain.

diencephalon

On a gross anatomy level, the adult brain has four different regions:

1.) Cerebrum

2.) _____________

3.) Cerebelum

4.) Brainstem

cerebral hemispheres

Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest and most prominent structure in the human brain, and it is divided into two _____________ ________________.

cerebral cortex

Cerebrum

-On the surface of each cerebral hemisphere is a superficial layer, called the _____________ _____________, which is composed of gray matter.

gyri

Cerebrum

-The cerebral cortex has many ridges called ___________ and grooves.

sulcus

Cerebrum

-A shallow groove in the cerebral cortex is called a ____________.

fissure

Cerebrum

-A deep groove in the cerebral cortex is called a ____________.

frontal lobe

Lobes of Cerebrum

-____________ _____________: Controls conscious movement of skeletal muscles; contains Broca's area (which controls motor speech); higher level functions include judgement and foresight (the ability to think before acting).

parietal lobe

Lobes of Cerebrum

-_____________ _____________: Receives sensory input from skin and proprioceptors; higher level functions include logical reasoning (math, problem solving).

occipital lobe

Lobes of Cerebrum

-____________ ______________: Primary visual area and visual association area (ability to interpret visual information).

temporal lobe

Lobes of Cerebrum

-____________ ____________: Primary auditory and auditory association area of the brain; conscious perception of smell.

insula

Lobes of Cerebrum

-______________: Involved in memory and interpretation of taste.

ventricles

_____________: Are a series of deep cavities within the central nervous system that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by a capillary network, called the ____________ ____________, which lines the roof of each ventricle.

longitudinal fissure

______________ ____________: Large groove between the two cerebral hemispheres.

cerebellar cortex

Cerebellum

-The cerebellum has a layer of superficial gray matter called the ______________ ____________.

arbor vitae

Cerebellum

-The cerebellum has a deep area of white matter called the ___________ ____________.

olfactory nerve fibers (I)

Cranial Nerves

-____________ _________ ___________: Sensory fibers for smell.

optic nerve (II)

Cranial Nerves

-___________ _____________: Sensory fibers for vision.

oculomotor nerve (III)

Cranial Nerves

-______________ ______________: Voluntary motor fibers to eye muscles; autonomic fibers to ciliary body and iris for pupil constriction.

trochlear nerve (IV)

Cranial Nerves

-_____________ ____________: Voluntary motor fibers to eye muscles. (Hint: number 4)

trigeminal nerve (V)

Cranial Nerves

-___________ _____________: Sensory fibers from cornea, scalp, forehead, face, and teeth; voluntary motor fibers to muscles of mastication (chewing).

abducens nerve (VI)

Cranial Nerves

-____________ ______________: Voluntary motor fibers to eye muscles. (Hint: number 6)

facial nerve (VII)

Cranial Nerves

-___________ ____________: Voluntary motor fibers to muscles of facial expression; autonomic fibers to lacrimal glands, and sublingual and submandibular salivary glands; sensory fibers to anterior two-thirds of tongue.

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Cranial Nerves

-_______________ ____________: Sensory fibers for hearing and equilibrium.

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Cranial Nerves

-________________ ____________: Voluntary motor fibers to muscle in the pharynx; autonomic fibers to parotid salivary gland; sensory fibers from posterior one-third of tongue.

vagus nerve (X)

Cranial Nerves

-_____________ ___________: Voluntary motor fibers to muscles of the pharynx and larynx; autonomic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.

accessory nerve (XI)

Cranial Nerves

-___________ ____________: Voluntary motor fibers to muscles of larynx and soft palate; voluntary motor fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Cranial Nerves

-____________ _____________: Voluntary motor fibers to the tongue.

conus medullaris

The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum of the skull and ends between the L1 and L2 vertebrae, where it forms a cone-shaped structure known as the _____________ _______________.

8

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

1

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

mixed nerves

All spinal nerves are classified as ___________ ____________ because they contain both sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons.

cauda equina

The group of inferior roots in the spinal cord is called the ___________ ______________.

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

The same three meningeal layers that protect the brain also protect the spinal cord. What are the three meningeal layers of the spinal cord?

subarachnoid space

The _______________ _____________ of the spinal cord contain cerebrospinal fluid that also circulates around and throughout the brain.

filum terminale

The ___________ ____________ is a thin strand of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris (termination of the spinal cord) to the coccyx.

denticulate ligaments

The ______________ ______________ are lateral extensions along the length of the spinal cord connecting the pia mater to the dura mater.

plexuses

After the spinal nerves exit the intervertebral foramina, they immediately branch and interconnect with branches from other spinal nerves. In the cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions, these branches form complex networks, called _____________, that form individual named nerves that innervate the skin, muscle, and bones.

brachial

There are four major nerve plexuses:

1.) Cervical

2.) ___________

3.) Lumbar

4.) Sacral

phrenic nerve

What is the peripheral nerve for the cervical nerve plexus?

brachial

The ___________ nerve plexus includes the following peripheral nerves:

1.) Axillary nerve

2.) Radial nerve

3.) Ulnar nerve

4.) Median nerve

femoral nerve

What peripheral nerve is in the lumbar nerve plexus?

sciatic nerve

What peripheral nerve is in the sacral nerve plexus?

sciatic nerve

What is the thickest and longest nerve in the body?