Sound Development

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Last updated 10:32 PM on 8/25/26
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10 Terms

1
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Early 13 Sounds (2-3;11)

/b, n, m, p, h, w, d, ɡ, k, f, t, ŋ, j/

  • plosives, nasals, glides


2
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Middle 7 Sounds (4-4;11)

/v, ʤ, s, ʧ, l, ʃ, z/

  • affricates, early fricatives, early liquids


3
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Late 4 (5-6;11)

/ɹ, ð, ʒ/ (90% by 5:11)

/θ/ (90% by 6;11)

4
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Plosives, Nasals, and Glides

Mastered by 3;11

5
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Affricates

Mastered by 4;11

6
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Liquids

Mastered by 5;11

7
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Fricatives

Mastered by 6;11

8
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By 5;0 across 27 languages

  • 93% of consonants accurately produced


9
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Manner of Articulation Development Across Languages

  • Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants (e.g., clicks) were acquired earlier than trills, flaps, fricatives, and affricates.


10
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Place of Articulation Development Across Languages

  • Labial, pharyngeal, and posterior lingual consonants were acquired earlier than consonants with anterior tongue placement

    • later occurring manners will still develop later