Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Flashcards

Flashcard deck reviewing key definitions, historical milestones, figures, and foundational principles of Artificial Intelligence.

What are the main labeled structures of a nerve cell depicted in the diagram?

Cell body or Soma, Nucleus, Dendrite, Axon, Synapse, Axonal arborization, and Axon from another cell.

According to the hardware comparison table, what are the cycle time and operations per second of the human brain?

The cycle time is $10^{-3}\,\text{sec}$ and the operations per second is $10^{17}$.

What classic AI microworld and natural language understanding program is illustrated in this scene?

The blocks world, housing Terry Winograd's natural-language-understanding program SHRDLU.

How is the Turing test defined by Alan Turing (1950)?

A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer.

What four capabilities must a computer possess to pass the standard Turing test?

Natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning.

What two additional capabilities are required for a robot to pass the total Turing test?

Computer vision (and speech recognition) and robotics.

What is the value alignment problem in artificial intelligence?

The problem of achieving agreement between our true human preferences and the objective put into the machine.

Who constructed the first known calculating machine around 1623?

Wilhelm Schickard.

What is David Hume's principle of induction?

The principle that general rules are acquired by exposure to repeated associations between their elements.

What does Gödel's incompleteness theorem state?

In any formal theory as strong as Peano arithmetic, there are necessarily true statements that have no proof within the theory.

What was Herbert Simon's concept of satisficing?

Making decisions that are "good enough," rather than laboriously calculating an optimal decision.

What is Hebbian learning?

A simple updating rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons, proposed by Donald Hebb in 1949.

What was the SNARC and who constructed it in 1950?

The first neural network computer, built by Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds using 3,000 vacuum tubes and a surplus automatic pilot mechanism from a B-24 bomber.

What is the physical symbol system hypothesis proposed by Newell and Simon (1976)?

The hypothesis stating that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action.

What task was the early expert system DENDRAL designed to perform?

Inferring molecular structure from information provided by a mass spectrometer.

What change occurred in the amount of computing power used to train top machine learning applications between 2012 and 2018?

There was a 300,000-fold increase, which works out to a doubling every 100 days or so.

What is the gorilla problem in long-term AI risk analysis?

The concern that if humans succeed in creating superhuman AI, humans may lose control over their future, just as gorillas have no control over their future relative to humans.

What is the King Midas problem in AI safety?

The problem of getting literally what is programmed into the machine's objective, leading to unintended and harmful consequences if the programmed objective does not match actual human desires.