Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Interphase

Structure: Cell with visible nucleus, DNA as chromatin.

Function: Cell grows, DNA replicates, prepares for division

Prophase

Structure: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to poles.

Function: Prepare chromosomes for separation.

Metaphase

Structure: Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, spindle fibers attached to centromeres.

Function: Ensure chromosomes are properly aligned for equal separation.

Anaphase

Structure: Sister chromatids pulled apart toward centrioles by spindle fibers.

Function: Separate genetic material equally.

Telophase

Structure: Chromosomes de-condense back into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms, cleavage furrow begins.

Function: Prepare two nuclei for new cells.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures at poles; organize spindle fibers.

Chromatin

Loose DNA + proteins; instructions for cell activities.

Chromosome

Condensed DNA; carries genetic info

Spindle Fibers (Apparatus)

Protein fibers; move chromosomes during mitosis.

Metaphase Plate

Imaginary line in cell center; where chromosomes line up.

Daughter Chromosomes

Separated sister chromatids after anaphase; each new cell gets a set.

Cleavage Furrow

Indentation in cell membrane during cytokinesis; helps cell pinch in two.

Nuclear Membrane

Double-layer membrane; surrounds nucleus, disappears in prophase, reforms in telophase.

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere; split during anaphase.