ANSC 240 Exam 3

what are the IDEM manure regulation laws?

Confined feeding control law - IC 13-18-10

Confined feeding operation rule - 327 IAC 19

Concentrated animal feeding operation rule - 327 IAC 15-16

what is the focus of manure management laws?

protecting water

what is setback for manure management?

minimum distance that a structure must be from a certain point

what is the setback requirement for surface water?

100-300 ft

what is the setback requirement for public water supply intake?

1000 ft

what is the setback requirement for on-site water supply?

100 ft

what is the setback requirement for off-site residential or public building?

400 ft

what other rules exist regarding manure management besides setback?

Public notification

Waste storage capacity

Plot and farmstead maps

Nutrient management plan(NMP)

Soil and manure testing plan

what is the role of the Office of the indiana state chemists(OISC) in manure management?

Fertilizer material use, distribution, and record keeping rule (355 IAC 8)

Rules on how and where manure can be applied

Must use licensed applicator

At county level there might be more regulations for manure such as…

Use of buffers

Minimum lot sizes

Odor control standards

Transportation standards

Additional application standards

what solves most issues and conflicts regarding manure except odor?

distance

__________ can be modeled, but is difficult to eliminate

manure odor

what causes odor in fresh manure?

high concentrations of intestinal bacteria→Bacteria produces metabolites, gases, etc. as “decompose” organic and other matter→Many metabolites can be odiferous

what causes odor in aggregated manure?

bacterial population change→changes in atmosphere

what main gasses in manure are a safety issue, potentially environmental?

methan, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

what main gasses in manure are odor causing?

ammonium, hydrogen sulfide, several trace metabolites

how can odor management be modeled?

Setback distance in feet, Determine distance(buffer) to neighbors

what is odor management modeling dependent on?

Wind frequency

Orientation

Building odor emission

Odor abatement factors

what are methanogens?

Bacteria that produce methane

what kind of conditions do methanogens survive in?

anaerobic

what do methanogens do?

Convert hydrogen to CO2 during digestions → methane byproduct

where are methanogens found?

rumen

what is Global warming potential(GWP100)?

Ability of gas compound to trap heat

why is GWP100 not accurate?

over estimates methane impact by ~4x

why is methane overestimated by GWP100?

it is produced and used at different rate

what gas is a stock gas, which means it stays in the environment?

carbon dioxide

what gas is a flow gas, which means it is produced and then destroyed?

methane

what is the new GHG method that accounts for short lifespan?

GWP

how to reduce GHG?

use it

what is a method of using GHG?

Anaerobic digesters aka methane digester, decomposition of manure

what do manure microbes break down into?

Biogas and digested solid(digestate)

what is biogas composed of?

60% methane

40% CO2

0.3 hydrogen sulfide

why does biogas need to be used right away?

Highly corrosive, so storage is not practical

what are the three biogas digester types?

covered anaerobic lagoons, complete mix, and plug flow

what productions use covered anaerobic lagoons?

dairy and swine

what kind of biogas digester requires warm climates?

covered anaerobic lagoon

what is a complete mix biogas digester?

Engineered tank either above or below ground

what kind of biogas digester has not been successfully used in swine?

plug flow

what kind of biogas digester can have the most amount of solid manure?

plug flow

what kind of biogas digester can have the least amount of solid manure?

covered anaerobic lagoons

what is an ewe?

female sheep of any age

what is a broad ewe?

a female sheep of advanced age

what is a ram?

intact male sheep for breeding

what is a wether?

castrated male sheep

what is a lamb?

sheep of any sez under a year of age

what are the life phases of a sheep?

birth and feed lot

what is sheep birth called?

lambing

what is involved in sheep processing?

2-5 days old

Tails docked

Castration

how are sheep castrated?

Hot knife, banded, or surgical

when are sheep weaned?

60-90 days

what is sheep finishing weight?

120-140 pounds

how long is sheep gestation?

5 months

how many babies are typical for one sheep pregnancy?

singles or twins

what kind of breeding is most common for sheep?

natural breeding with marking harnesses

why is AI not usually used for sheep?

very difficult cervical structure, must be performed via laparoscopy

what breeding season is most common for sheep?

spring lambing

what is the difference between stock sheep and feedlots?

stock sheep are for breeding/lambing, sell direct to packers or feedlots

feedlots contain lambs 60-80 lb to finished weight

what are the top sheep predators?

coyotes, dogs, mountain lions

what are the top sheep guard animals?

dogs, donkeys, llamas

what breeds of sheep are for meat?(terminal)

southdown, suffolk, dorper

what breeds of sheep are for wool?(maternal)

merino, rambouillet, dorset, targhee, cotswold

what breed of meat sheep is low maintenance?

southdown

what breed of meat sheep is fast growing?

suffolk

what breed of meat sheep is a hair breed?

dorper

what breed of wool sheep has fine wool?

merino and rambouillet

what breed of wool sheep has medium wool and is dual purpose?

dorset and targhee

what breed of wool sheep has long/coarse wool?

cotswold

how is lamb meat determined?

~1 year of age, determined by break joints

how is mutton determined?

over 1 year of age, determined by spool joints

what accounts for over 50% of US sheep meat sales?

imports

what countries are the main imports for US sheep meat??

australia and new zealand

what country is a large exporter for mutton?

mexico

what does sheared mean?

All wool removed from one animal

what is staple length?

length of fleece fibers

what is crimp?

Shape (wave frequency) of fleece fibers

what is the coolest characteristic of wool?

flame resistant—smolders or chars, does not melt to skin

how often are sheep sheared?

around once per year, usually april may or june

what is the average fleece weight?

7 pounds

what is the natural oil in wool?

lanolin

what is the purpose of lanolin?

protects skin from water and irritants, natural healer

how is lanolin extracted from wool?

during wash

what part of sheep harvest is used in cosmetics and lubricants?

lanolin

what was the primary and secondary product of sheep historically?

primary=wool

secondary=meat

what impacted generations of eating habits regarding sheep?

during WWII mutton was served to soldiers

what industry accounts for <1% of US livestock industry?

sheepies

what are the new uses for sheep?

prevent wild fired by consuming low level plants

improve tree growth by eating plants competitive to trees

manage weeds by eating what others can’t

what are the top sheep producing states by number of sheep?

texas

california

colorado

wyoming

utah

what are the top sheep producing states by number of operations?

texas

arizona

ohio

new mexico

california

what relevant organizations are under the US department of agriculture?

food safety and inspection service(FSIS), animal and plant health inspection service(APHIS), food and nutrition service, agricultural marketing service

what relevant organizations are under the US department of health and human services?

food and drug administration(FDA)

what is FSIS responsible for?

public health

Meat, poultry, and eggs

Not dairy

what is APHIS responsible for?

Animal welfare

“Live impacts dead”

what is food and nutrition service responsible for?

Education and assistance with health

Nutrition labels

what is the FDA responsible for regarding foods?

Labeling

Safety of food products except meat, poultry, and eggs

Ex fruit, vegetables, milk, canned foods, sea foods, game meats

what is the FDA responsible for regarding drugs?

Human and veterinarian

what is the FDA responsible for regarding pesticides?

Share with USDA and EPA

both inspection and grading are performed by ____

USDA

does FSIS do inspection or grading?

inspection

does AMS do inspection or grading?

grading

is inspection mandatory or voluntary?

Mandatory for all meat that goes through the commerce