Gender and sexuality

What does Judith Butler say about the performativity of gender?

“Gender is always a doing, though not a doing by a subject who might be said to preexist the deed.” - Butler, Gender Trouble (2002, p. 33)

How does Butler define gender performativity?

“The substantive effect of gender is performatively produced and compelled by the regulatory practices of gender coherence.” - Butler, Gender Trouble (2002, p. 33)

What is Simone de Beauvoir’s foundational insight into gender?

One is not born a woman, but rather becomes one.” - de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949)

According to Butler, why is the category of “women” politically problematic?

“Feminist critique ought also to understand how the category of ‘women,’ the subject of feminism, is produced and restrained by the very structures of power through which emancipation is sought.” - Butler, Gender Trouble (2002)

What does Federici argue about sex and capitalism?

“In capitalism, sex can exist but only as a productive force at the service of procreation and the regeneration of the waged/male working and as a mean of social appeasement and compensation for the misery of everyday existence.” - Federici, Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women (2018)

How does Lugones define gender under colonialism?

“Gender itself [is] a colonial concept and mode of organization of relations of production, property relations, cosmologies, and ways of knowing.” - Lugones (2007, p. 186)

What does Lugones say about heterosexualism in colonial contexts?

“Colonialism imposed a new gender system that created very different arrangements for colonized males and females than for white bourgeois colonizers.” - Lugones (2007, p. 186)

According to Mohanty, how does colonialism control gender?

“The discourse of colonialism is one in which the colonized woman’s sexuality is subject to the control and supervision of the colonizer.” - Mohanty (1988, p. 71)

What is Connell’s definition of hegemonic masculinity?

“Hegemonic masculinity demands the subordination of women.” - Connell, Masculinities (1995, p. 83)

What does Noble argue about digital platforms and race/gender?

“Search engines reinforce racism and sexism by reflecting biased data.” -Noble, Algorithms of Oppression (2018)

How does Butler describe the heterosexual matrix?

A “regulatory fiction” that enforces a binary alignment of sex, gender, and desire - Butler, Gender Trouble (2002)

What does Butler argue drag reveals about gender?

“In imitating gender, drag implicitly reveals the imitative structure of gender itself—as well as its contingency.” - Butler, Gender Trouble (2002, p. 176)

What does Gayle Rubin argue we must do regarding gender?

“Liberate human personality from the straight jacket of gender.” - Rubin, The Traffic in Women (1975)

What does Halberstam say about queer identity?

“Queer is an identity without an essence, one that is defined by its resistance to normative ways of being.” - Halberstam, In a Queer Time and Place (2005, p. 7)

What does Plummer say about sexuality and social life?

Sexual power is “embodied in different levels of social life, expressed discursively and enforced through boundaries and binary divides.” - Stein & Plummer (1994, p. 181)

What does Patricia Hill Collins say about Black feminist theory?

Black feminist thought consists of ideas produced by Black women that clarify a standpoint of and for Black women.” - Collins (1986, p. 16)

How does bell hooks describe domination in Western society?

“The central ideological component of all systems of domination in Western society.” - hooks (1984, p. 29)

How does Collins describe Black women’s sexuality under slavery?

“Black women’s sexuality... was controlled, commodified, and presented as a site of social and cultural deviance.” - Collins, Black Sexual Politics (2004, p. 55)

What does Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality highlight?

Oppressions (race, gender, class) interlock and cannot be examined in isolation - Crenshaw (1989)

How does Mohanty critique Western feminism?

Western feminist discourse constructs the Third World woman as a singular, monolithic subject whose experiences are homogenized and essentialized.” - Mohanty (1988, p. 61)

What is Zuboff’s concept of surveillance capitalism?

A model that “exploits personal data to influence behaviour and shape identities.” - Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2019)

How does Noble link algorithms to identity control?

“Women and girls do not fare well in Google Search… their identities are commercialised, sexualised, or made curiosities.” - Noble (2018)

How does Amnesty International frame tech-based gender violence?

Surveillance platforms disproportionately target women activists with gender-based abuse - Amnesty International (2019)

What does Meyer (2003) argue about LGBTQ+ mental health?

Internalised homophobia and social enforcement of heterosexuality lead to elevated psychological distress - Meyer (2003)

What does Kong say about masculinity and homosexuality?

“The enforcement of compulsory heterosexuality... has significant negative impacts on the mental health of homosexual individuals.” - Kong (2016, p. 506)