ANAT 100 Term Test Unit 1-3

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body

Physiology

Study of the function of the body

Structure Determines

Function

Homeostasis

Keeping the internal balance of the body in check

Superior

near/at the top

Inferior

near/at the bottom

Anterior (ventral)

near/at the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Near/at the back

Medial

Toward the median line

Lateral

Away from median line

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on opposite sides of the body (right or left)

Proximal

near the beginning of the point of attachment

Distal

Away from the point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the surface

Deep

Further below the surface

Body Planes

Coronal frontal, Transverse, Sagittal, Mid-Sagittal, Para-Sagittal

Coronal (frontal) Plane

Cuts the Anterior and Posterior

Transverse

Cuts through the superior and Inferior

Sagittal plane

Cuts down the middle left and right

Mid-Sagittal

Cuts body into a equal right and left portion

Para-Sagittal

Cuts body into unequal right and left portions

Ventral Body Cavities

Cranial, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

Dorsal Body Cavities

Cranial and Vertebral

Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, and Left Lower Quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar, Right Inguinal, Left Inguinal

Abdominal + Pelvic

Abdominopelvic

Primary Tissue Types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

Function of Epithelial Tissue

Covering/Lining (ex. Stomach Lining)

Protects, Synthesizes, Secretes, Absorbs

Function of Connective Tissue

Binds other Tissue, Fills in space

Function of Muscle Tissue

Shortens to produce movement

Function of Nerve Tissue

Conducts impulses

Mitosis rate is the fastest in which tissue?

Epithelial

Mitosis rate Varies In Which Tissue?

Muscle

Which Tissue Rarely undergoes Mitosis?

Nervous

What is a Scar?

Non-Fibrous Connective Tissue

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Cells Tightly Packed, 2 Surfaces, Cells reproduce rapidly, not vascularized,

Which Function Does Deep Tissue Use to Get Nutrients?

Diffusion

Morphological Function of Epithelial Tissue

Function, Shape, Ciliation, number of layers

Epithelial Shapes

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

Epithelial Layers

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified

What is Ciliation?

If the Tissue has Cilia or not

If the Tissue is Cililated its called?

Ciliated Tissue

If the Tissue has no Ciliation its called?

Non-Ciliated

Simple Layer

One cell thick

Stratified Layers

Multiple Cells Thick

Pesudostratified

Multiple cells thick all connected to a basement membrane

Squamous

Thin Flat Cells

Cuboidal

Cube Shaped Cells

Coloumnar

Column-like cells

How would you describe a cell with a single layer of flat cells?

Simple-Squamous-Epithelium

Covering Epithelium

Covers External Surfaces

Glandular Epithelium

Paremchyma of Glands and Secretes compounds

What does Parenchyma do?

Secrete

Lining Epithelium

Covers Internal

Gland

Secreting Structure Composed of One or More Cells

Exocrine Glands

Secrete to the external surface

Endocrine Glands

secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Properties of Connective Tissue

Protects, Supports, Transports, Stores Energy, and Binds Tissue Together

Connective Tissue Is:

Cells Separated By A Matrix

Matrix is made up of:

ground substance and fibers

True or False: Cells Create their own Matrix

True

Function of Fibroblasts

Produce Fibers and Ground Substance

What are Fibers made up of?

Strands of protein, collagen

Ground Substance is made up of?

Water, Hyaluronic acid, proteins and sugars

3 Specialized Connective Tissue

Bone, Blood, Cartilage

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

Aerolar, Adipose, Reticular

Aerolar Matrix properties

Loosely woven fibers and semi-fluid

Function of Aerolar Matrix

Connects Tissues and Organs

Adipose are filled with

Fat and extracellular material

Function of Adipose Matrix

Fat Storage, Protects Organs, Insulates

Functions of Reticular Tissue

Forms Stroma of organs and Binds smooth muscle cells togther

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

Regular, Irregular, Elastic

Regular Dense Tissue Properties

Densely Packed, can withstand axial forces

Irregular Dense Tissue Properties

Irregularly arranged fibers, Withstand forces from all directions

Elastic Dense Tissue Properties

Branching elastic fibers, Recoils to original shape after stretching

What is Cartliage

Flexible Connective Tissue

Cartilage is made up of

Chondrocytes, cells encased in lacunae, surronded by dense matrix

Lacunae

Multiple pools of extracellular fluid

Function of Bone

Support, Protection, storage, blood cell production

True or False: Bone Matrix is liquid

False, Bone matrix is hard and made of calcium, and other minerals

Blood is a ____

Liquid Matrix

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth, Nervous

Skeletal Muscle

Long, Striated, Multi-nucleated cells attached to bone

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

moves body parts, voluntary control, strong, fatigues quickly, and tetanizes

Cardiac Muscle

Branched, Striated, uni-nucleated cells, found only in the heart

Properties of Cardiac Muscle

Self-stimulating, Involuntary control, Slower than skeletal muscle, Does not fatigue or tetanize

Smooth Muscle

Spindle shaped cells

Smooth Muscle Properties

Forms walls of hollow organs, brings about peristalsis, vasoconstriction, Involuntary control

Peristalsis

Wave-like contractions

Nervous Tissue

Excitable Tissue, found in nervous system

Membranes are:

Pliable layer of Epithelial and Connective Tissue

Types of Membranes

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous

Functions of Mucous Membrane

Secrete, absorption, protection

Functions of Serous Membranes

Secrete Serous Fluid

Serous Membrane Layers

parietal and visceral

Function of Parietal Layer

Lines closed cavities

Function of Viceral layer

Covers the outer surface of organs

Types of Serous Fluid

Plura, Pericardium, Peritoneum

Types of Plura

Visceral Plura (outside), Parietal Plura (inside)