CH4: The pieces of the body puzzle

parts of the skull/calvaria

• frontal

• parietal (2)

• sphenoid

• temporal

• occipital

skull: facial bones

• lacrimal

• nasal

• zygomatic

• maxilla

• mandible

facial muscles

• Orbicularis oculi

• Orbicularis oris

vertebral column

• 7 cervical vertebrae (neck)

• 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest)

• 5 lumber vertebrae (lower back)

• 1 sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae (midline region of buttocks)

• 1 coccyx = 3 or 4 fused vertebrae (tail bone)

how many pairs of ribs are in the body?

and what are their categories?

12 pairs of ribs

• 1 to 7; true ribs

• 8 to 10 false ribs

• 11 and 12 floating ribs

true ribs

1 to 7

they directly attach to the sternum

false ribs

8 to 10

their cartilage does not connect to the sternum directly

floating ribs

11 to 12

do not attach to the sternum and have no cartilage

costal cartilage

cartilage on the ribs that give them more expansion

manubrium

top part of the sternum

sternal body

body of the sternum

xiphoid process

lower part of the sternum

atlas (C1)

the first cervical vertebrae the head sits on

what maintains the heads position on the atlas

muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region

sternocleidomastoid

runs from the mastoid to the sternum

erector spinae

• keeps the spine erect

• spinal extension

• connected in 3 segments

• is a posture muscles

intervertebral disc

absorbs shock along the vertebral column

where abdominal muscles attach posteriorly

• vertebral column

• ribs

• hip bone

where abdominal muscles attach anteriorly

linea alba

linea alba

white line where abdominal muscles connect anteriorly

it is a mix of connective tissues

external oblique

• lateral bending

• rotation

• flexes the spine forward

internal oblique

• lateral flexion and rotation

• underneath the external oblique

transversus abdominis

• runs along the transverse plane

• does not move the spine

• sucks/pulls in the abdominal region

rectus abdominis

• attach to pubic bone

• flexion of the spine

pectoral girdle

• connects upper limb to the axial skeleton

• suspends the upper limb away from the chest wall

• enables a great range of movement

pectoralis major

the chest muscles

• moves the shoulder joint (shoulder flexion and medial rotation)

pectoralis minor

• attaches the scapula to the ribs

• depresses the scapula

• protects and stabilizes scapula

serratus anterior

• connects scapula and rib cage

• keeps scapula against rib cage

trapezius

runs from skull to T12

• upper trapezius: scapula elevation

• middle trapezius: scapula retraction

• lower trapezius: scapula depression

the trapezius does not attach to the humerus so it does not move the shoulder

latissimus dorsi

• lat pull down

• shoulder extension

levator scapulae

elevates scapula

rhomboid major

rhomboid minor

scapula retraction

sternoclavicular joint

synovial saddle joint

acromioclavicular joint

gliding joints

scapulohumeral regions

• anterior muscles: subscapularis

• superior and posterior muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

• lateral muscles: deltoid, anterior fibres, middle fibres, posterior fibres

supraspinatus

• exists above the spine of the scapula

• assists with the abduction of the arm

infraspinatus

• extension of shoulder joints

• below the spine of the scapula

teres minor

copies the infraspinatus to extend shoulder joints

subscapularis

• shoulder adduction

• underneath the scapula

deltoid

shoulder muscles

anterior fibres

flexion and medial rotation

middle fibres

lateral raise and shoulder abduction

posterior fibres

extension and lateral rotation

arm

shoulder to elbow

forearm

• elbow to wrist

• joined by a sheet of fibrous tissue

radius and ulna

• radius runs along the thumb

• ulna along the pinky

how many carpals in a finger

8 carpals

proximal row of carpals

• scaphoid

• lunate

• triquetrum

• pisiform (sesamoid bone)

distal row of carpals

• trapezium

• trapezoid

• capitate

• hamate (by the thumb)

metacarpals

5

phalanges

• 14

• 3 phalanges per finger

• 2 phalanges per thumb

flexors

anterior

extensors

posterior

coracobrachialis

• shoulder flexion

biceps brachii

• supination

• elbow flexor

• shoulder flexor

brachialis

• elbow flexion

• attaches to ulna

triceps

• extension of shoulders and elbows

flexor-pronator group

anterior

extensor-supinator group

posterior

thenar group

• abducts thumb and its metacarpals

hypothenar group

abducts little finger and its metacarpal

interossei and lumbrical muscles

move digits

glenohumeral joint

ball and socket shoulder joint

2 elbow joints

• humeroradial and humeroulnar

radioulnar joints

• pronation and supination

• pivot joints

radiocarpal

joint between radius and all carpals

metacarpophalangeal

joints between metacarpals and phalanges

interphalangeal

joints between phalanges

pelvic girdle

• weight bearer

• supports bladder and abdominal contents

• sacrifices mobility for stability and strength

innominate bones and what its made up of

it is a paired hip bone made up of

• Ilium

• pubis

• Ischium

acetabulum

cup-shaped cavity in the pelvic bone that forms a joint with the head of the femur

lliopsoas

hip flexors formed by psoas major and lliacus

gluteal muscles

• gluteus maximus: hip extensor

• gluteus medius and minimus: hip abductors

sacroiliac

compound joint made of fibrous (posterior) and synovial (anterior) joints

pubic symphysis

cartilagenous joint

lower limbs

• thigh: hip to knee

• leg: knee to ankle

thigh consists of

femur and patella

leg bones

tibia: medial malleolus

fibula: lateral malleolus

parts of ankle

• calcaneus

• talus

• cuboid

• navicular

• 1st (medial), 2nd (intermediate) and 3rd (lateral) cuneiform

quadriceps femoris

rectus femoris: hip flexor

medial thigh muscles

adductors

adductor inner thigh/medial thigh

• adductor longus

• adductor brevis

• adductor magnus

hamstrings

flexors and abductors

• biceps femoris: headed femur muscles

tibialis anterior

foot invertor and dorsiflexor

fibularis longus and brevis

long and short muscles in the lateral leg muscles

• eversion