Milady

Identify three cosmetology services that require a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology

Facials, manicures, and haircuts

Describe the cell’s basic structures

Nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane

What conditions are needed in order for cells to divide?

Adequate food supply, oxygen, water, suitable temperatures, and ability to eliminate waste

List the four types of tissue in the body

Connective, epithelial, nerve, and muscle

What are organs?

Groups of specialized tissues that perform specific functions

Name the main body systems

Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, lymphatic, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal

List the skeletal system’s primary functions

shape, support, protection, attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, stores calcium

Which facial bones are most involved in cosmetology services?

Zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, maxillae, mandible

List the muscular system’s basic functions

Mobility, circulation, respiration, digestion, stability, and posture

Why do cosmetologists need knowledge of voluntary muscles?

Clients can benefit from the massage techniques & improper massaging may result in injury or discomfort

What is the proper direction for massage?

From the insertion area to the origin

What is the difference between striated and nonstriated muscles?

Nonstriated muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous systems while striated muscles can be controlled at will

Name and describe the two types of nerves and how they work

Sensory (afferent) nerves carry messages from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord while motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles/glands, producing movement

Name the six types of blood vessels

Arteries, aorta, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

What are the lymphatic system’s primary duties?

carry nutrients, defend against toxins, remove waste, provide fluid environment for cells

What are the integumentary system’s primary functions?

Protects against external threats and regulates body temperature

What body functions do the endocrine glands affect?

changes in the skin, scalp, nails, hair growth, oil production, melanin production, and skin sensitivity

Abductor digiti minimi

foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move

Abductor hallucis

foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes

Abductors: muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body

Adductors: muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body

Anabolism: process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule

Anatomy: the study of human body structures

Aorta: largest artery in the body

Arteries: thick walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles

Arterioles: small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Autonomic nervous system: part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action

Belly: middle part of the muscle

Bicep: muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm

Blood: fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

Blood vessels: tubelike structures that circulate blood throughout the body

Body systems: groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

Brain: one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions

buccinator: muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

Capillaries: tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and barry away waste materials

Carpus: flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones called carpals (wrist)

Catabolism: process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules

Cell membrane: thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell

Cells: basic units of all living things

Central nervous system: controls voluntary muscle actions

Cervical vertebrae: seven bones located below the skull; provide structure, support, and flexibility to the neck

Circulatory system: controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels

Clavicle: joins the sternum and scapula (collarbone)

Common carotid arteries: main arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck

Connective tissue: fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs

Corrugator: small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

Cranium: oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain

Cytoplasm: watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus

Deltoid: large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

Depressor labii inferioris: muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side

Endocrine system: body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire body

Endocrine glands: glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Epicranial aponeurosis: tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

Epicranius: broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis

Epithelial tissue: provides a covering that protects the body

Ethmoid bone: separates nasal cavity from the brain

Exocrine glands: produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts

Extensor digitorum longus: muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes

Extensor hallucis longus: muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot

Extensors: muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line

External carotid artery: supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and sides of the head

External jugular vein: located at the side of the neck, carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

Facial skeleton: framework of the face, composed of 14 bones

Fibula: located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee

Flexor: extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it

Flexor digiti minimi: foot muscle that moves the little toe

Flexor digitorum brevis: foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance

Frontal bone: bone that forms the forehead

Frontalis: anterior portion of the epicranius; raises the eyebrows

Gastrocnemius: muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down

Glands: produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body

Heart: muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

Hormones: chemical substances that stimulate activities in the body

Humerus: uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

Hyoid bone: U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat

Insertion: movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from skeleton

Integumentary system: body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs; serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body’s temperature

Internal carotid artery: supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear

Internal jugular vein: located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

Joint: connection between two or more bones

Lacrimal bones: two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets

Levator anguli oris: muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

Levator labii superioris: muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils

Levator palpebrae superioris: thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid

Lymph: clear or pale yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels

Lymphatic system: body system that helps defend against infection

Lymph nodes: glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels

Mandible: largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw

Masseter: originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close

Mastication: medical term for chewing

Maxillae bones: two bones that form the upper jaw

Mentalis: muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

Metabolism: chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to energy

Metacarpus: five bones of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges

Metatarsals: five long, slender bones similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand

Mitosis: process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells

Motor nerves: carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands; produce movement

Muscular system: body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts

Myology: study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system

Nasal bones: two bones that form the bridge of the nose